| c.400 | LEONTINI Sicily, independent from 405, taken by Dionysius-I. Under Syracuse until ?. | 403 CAH 7.2 400 LEWH 80 |
| c.400 | ADRANUM, 41km northwest of Catana, founded by Dionysius-I. | 400 DGRG 1-25, wikAd 400/399 CAH 6-141 |
| c.400 | Λ SPHERICAL EARTH V is gaining credibility. | 420 OHG 140 |
| c.400 | MALTA occupied by Carthaginians. | 400 TToH, wikMalt |
| c.400 | Western Mediterranean dominated by Carthaginians. | 400 PW 16 |
| c.399 | MOTYA Sicily, under Carthaginians, besieged until 397 by DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367. ARTILLERY: Dionysius uses a large crossbow drawn by a mechanical stock. | 399 CDCC 89, OCD 128 398 MCAW 144 397 csnt |
| c.399 | Rhegium sends 50 triremes, 6,000 inf, 600 cav to defeat Dionysius of Syracuse. Rhegium / Syracuse war begins until 387. | 399 DGRBM 3-875, DGRG 2-704, GHH |
| c.399 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, organises a Greek confederacy to expel Carthaginians from Sicily. GELA, CAMARINA, ACRAGAS, THERMAE, and ERYX ally with Dionysius-I | 399 GHH 398 CAH 7.2 397 CAH 6-142, DGRBM 1-1034, DGRG 1-984 |
| c.399 | CATAPULT V invented by Dionysius-I of Syracuse. | 399 GHH |
| c.398 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, marries 2 women in 1 ceremony ! ARISTOMACHE dau of Hipparchus, and DORIS of Locris Italy. | 397 CAH 6-142 no date: B76 8-369 |
| c.398 | Hamilcar in Sicily from ?, returns to Carthage until 396. | 398 GHH |
| c.398 | QUINQUEREMES invented by Dionysius-I of Syracuse according to Diodoros. | 398 CGS 584 |
| c.398 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, having over 310 warships, sends 200 of them against Motya. | 397 CAH 7.2-497 |
| c.398 | SEGESTA Sicily, under Punic domination 409-307, besieged by Dionysius-I. | 398 GHH |
| c.398 | ENTELLA Sicily besieged by Dionysius-I. | 398 GHH |
| c.398 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, confiscates all Carthaginian property in Syracuse. | 398 GHH |
| c.398 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367 sends embassy to Carthage, tells Carthaginians to evacuate Greek towns, lets Greeks plunder Carthaginian property, resumes war with Carthaginians in west Sicily until 392. Succeeds militarily until 396. PUNIC / GREEK WAR begins until 392. |
398 B76 8-370, 13-147, CAH 7.2, CDCC 277, GHH, LEWH 80, MCAW 144, MWΦ 197, lvS 397 CAH 6-142, DGRBM 1-1034, 2-474, Dur 2-472, OCD 516, RAH 306 |
| c.397 | HIMILCO-II sails with a fresh army in 100 triremes to Motya. DIONYSIUS-I of Syracuse, with 80,000 inf, 3,000 cav, and his bro Leptines commanding his 200 warships, 500 supply ships, threaten to encircle Himilco. Himilco withdraws. Eryx, Himera and Selinus come to join Dionysius at Motya. Carthage / Syracuse war begins until 396. | 397 B76 III-560, CAH 6-142, DGRBM 1-1034, 2-474, DGRG 1-853, 1067, Dur 2-472, MCAW 144, lvS 396 MWΦ 197 |
| c.397 | TORTION Λ CATAPULTS V used by Dionysius-I of Syracuse at Motya. 1st military operation in history to rely heavily on artillery. | non-tortion 400 OHG 163 398 GHH 397 TTT |
| c.397 | SIEGE TOWERS on wheels, 1st known in Assyria 863, 1st recorded in west. 6 story towers used by Dionysius-I of Syracuse at Motya. | 405 DGRA 1175 397 CAH 6-683 |
| c.397 | HALICYAE west Sicily remains loyal to Carthaginians, ravaged by Dionysius-I. | 397 DGRG 1-1027 |
| c.397 | MOTYA Sicily, under Carthaginians from ?, besieged by DIONYSIUS-I, taken and sacked, inhabitants enslaved, never rebuilt. A Sicel garrison is put into Motya; Leptines is left with 120 ships to blockade the island, and intercept the Punic fleet. Dionysius wipes out nearby cities and goes home. | 398 CAH 7.2, CDCC 277, GHH, lvS 397 CAH 6-142, 373, CDCC 593, 821, DGRBM 2-771, MWΦ 197, OCD 350, 702 396 CAH 6-364 |
| c.397 | MOTYA Sicily (what's left of it), recovered by Himilco-II. | 397 lvS 396 CAH 6-143 |
| c.396 | LILYBAEUM, westernmost point of Sicily founded by Carthaginians to replace Motya. Under Carthage until 241. | 397 CAH 7.2, MCAW 144 397/6 B76 VI-644, 396 OCD 610 no date: CDCC 593 |
| c.396 | ERYX, allied with Dionysius from 397, recovered by Himilco until ?. | 396 DGRG 1-853 |
| c.396 | ENNA (town in central Sicily) taken by DIONYSIUS-I. Under Syracuse until 367. | 396 rcSI |
| c.396 | MENAENUM, under Sicels from 454, occupied by DIONYSIUS-I. Under Syracuse until ?. | 396 bril |
| c.396 | LEONTINI Sicily, under Syracuse from 403, given by Dionysius-I to 10,000 of his mercenaries. | 396 DGRG 2-159 |
| c.396 | HIMILCO-II, ruler of Carthage, skirmishes with Syracusan fleet under Leptines, and loses 50 ships and 5,000 men, but lands 100,000 men at PANORMUS, gains control of north coast, advances east along coast, accompanied by his fleet. Leptines sinks 50 Carthaginian transport ships. | 396 CAH 6-143, DGRBM 2-474, 771, MWΦ 197, OCD 516 |
| c.396 | HIMILCO-II, makes treaty with Himera and Cephalodium on north coast. | 396 DGRG 1-589, 1067 |
| c.396 | HALICYAE west Sicily make treaty of alliance with Dionysius-I, which they break on appearance of Himilco-II. | 396 DGRG 1-1027 |
| c.396 | MESSANA Sicily, independent democracy from 461, conquered by HIMILCO-II ruler of Carthage and destroyed until later that year. Most of the Sicels of east Sicily go over to Himilco, who sends admiral MAGO with fleet for Catana. | 397 B76 8-370, CAH 7.2 396 B76 VI-824, CAH 6-143, DGRBM 1-1034, OCD 675, TToH, rcSI |
| c.396 | ERYX and MOTYA quickly recovered by Himilco-II. | 396 DGRBM 2-474 |
| c.396 | ASSORUS is the only Sicel town that remains loyal to Dionysius-I. | 396 DGRG 1-243 |
| c.396 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367 marches north from Syracuse, attacks camp of Himilco-II near Catana, defeated, retreats to Syracuse. | 397 B76 8-370 396 DGRG 1-722, MWΦ 197 |
| c.396 | TAUROMENIUM (close to Naxos) built over a Sicel foundation by HIMILCO-II. Under Sicels allied to Carthage until 392. | 396 CAH 6-145, OCD 1040 |
| c.396 | Syracusan fleet under LEPTINES attacks Punic fleet under MAGO. Leptines advances with 30 ships into the enemy, and is cut off from his main fleet, and escapes by sailing out to sea. The rest of the Syracusan fleet is defeated, over 100 ships sunk or destroyed. Leptines and his surviving ships sail back to Syracuse. | 397 wikLS 396 DGRBM 2-902 no date: DGRBM 2-771 |
| c.396 | Λ Mt. ETNA V Sicily errupts (4th time recorded by Greeks), making the coast road impassable, so that Himilco-II has to march around west of it. | pre-396 DGRG 1-61 396 OCD 20, wikME |
| c.396 | CATANA, under Campanian mercenaries and protection of Syracuse from 403, Campanians retire to Etna at approach of Carthginian MAGO. Under Carthginians until later 396. | 396 DGRG 1-567, MWΦ 197 |
| c.396 | POLYXENUS, bro-in-law of Dionysius-I, sent to Italy and Greece to get help for Greek Sicily. He succeeds in getting 30 ships manned with allies under Spartan Pharacidas. | 396 CAH 6-143 395 DGRBM 3-472 |
| c.396 | HIMILCO-II advances to Syracuse, besieges DIONYSIUS-I in Syracuse. | 397 CAH 7.2, MCAW 144 397/6 lvS 396 CAH 6, GHH, OCD 350 |
| c.396 | Sanctuary of Demeter-Kore in Syracuse sacked by Himilco-II. | 396 CAH 7.2-514 |
| c.396 | HIMILCO-II, ruler of Carthage, blockades DIONYSIUS-I in Syracuse with 208 triremes plus countless transports which fill the harbor. | 397 MCAW 144 396 CAH 6, DGRBM 2-474, OCD 350, lvS 395 DGRG 1-546 |
| c.396 | HIMILCO-II, ravages the country 30 days unopposed. Dispatches ships to bring grain from Sardinia. Troops hit by plague. | 397 MCAW 144 396 CAH 6, DGRBM 2-474, GHH, MWΦ 125, 209, OCD 350, TTPC, lvS 395 DGRG 1-546 |
| c.396 | PHARACIDAS commands 30 ships sent by Sparta to help Dionysius-I against blockading Carthaginians. He takes 9 Punic ships and sails them into Syracuse harbor, thus contributing moral support, but not much more. | 396 DGRBM 3-238 |
| c.396 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, takes advantage of plague in Carthaginian troops, defeats HIMILCO's fleet and escapes, regains control of east Sicily. | 396 B76 8-370, GHH, HAG, MWΦ 125, 198 |
| c.396 | DAMON, ruler of Centuripa southwest of Mt. Etna, allies with Dionysius-I. | 396 DGRG 1-586 |
| c.396 | Carthage / Syracuse war from 397 ends until 392. | 396 B76 III-560 |
| c.396 | TYNDARIS on north coast of Sicily founded by Dionysius-I for Messenian exiles, who had been driven from Naupactus, Zakynthos, and Peloponnese by Spartans. | 396 wikBT 396/5 wikTyn |
| c.396 | HIMILCO-II, ruler of Carthage, gives up Sicilian campaign, returns to Africa with a message: Don't mess with goddess Demeter. | 397 MCAW 144 396 B76 8-370, CAH 7.2, GHH, bk |
| c.396 | Hamilcar, in Africa from 398 returns to Sicily until ?. | 396 GHH |
| c.396 | CATANA, under Carthginians 396, taken by DIONYSIUS-I, under Syracuse until 352. | 396 B76 8-370, CAH 6-144, 7.2, MWΦ 125, 198 |
| c.396 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, rebuilds MESSANA, gives it to Greek allies from Locri. | 396 B76 8-370, CAH 7.2, MWΦ 198 no date: CAH 6-144 |
| c.395 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, spends the year repairing devastations caused by the siege. | 395 GHH |
| c.394 | Roman envoys including A. Manlius Vulso with an offering bound for the Temple of Apollo Delphi, captured by Liparaean pirates. They are released by Timasitheus, chief of Lipara island, same year, and allowed to continue their voyage. | 394 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 3-1285 |
| c.394 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, begins war with Rhegium until ?. Dionysius defeats Rhegians and takes Myle Italy. | 394 GHH |
| c.394 | TAUROMENIUM (close to Naxos), under Sicels besieged by Dionysius-I, unsucceffully. | 394 GHH |
| c.393 | Poet XENARCHUS flourishes in court of Dionysius-I, who employs him to ridicule the Rhegians, as cowards. | 393 GHH |
| c.393 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, succeeds militarily until 392. | 393 CDCC 277 |
| c.393 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367 establishes control of Sicels at Tauromenium. | 395-92 CAH 7.2 |
| c.393 | Carthaginian MAGO renews alliance with Sicels. | 393 DGRBM 1-1034 |
| c.393 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, defeats Mago the Carthaginian, who had come to aid Rhegium, and devastates the country. Truce for a year. | 393 GHH |
| c.392 | Carthaginian MAGO attacks Messana, but is beaten off. | 393 HAG 392 CAH 6, DGRBM 2-902, Dur 2-472, MCAW 144 |
| c.392 | TAUROMENIUM, under Sicels allied to Carthage from 396, taken by Dionysius-I, inhabited by Greeks until ?. | 392 B76 IX-815, OCD 1040 |
| c.392 | MAGO, with reinforcements from Sardinia and Africa, assembles 80,000 men, advances thru central Sicily as far as Chrysas river. | 392 DGRBM 1-1034, 2-902 |
| c.392 | Dionysius-I allies with Agyrus tyrant of Agyrium, and cuts off Mago's supplies while they are in rough country. | 392 DGRBM 1-1034, 2-902, GHH no date: CAH 6-145 |
| c.392 | MAGO. in Sicily from 396, out of supplies, forced to make peace with DIONYSIUS-I of Syracuse, at CHRYSAS river, accepts Dionysius-I's control of Sicels and Tauromenium, and independence of towns in central Sicily, Mago sails to Carthage. | 392 B76 III-560, CAH 6, 7.2, DGRBM 1-1034, 2-902, GHH, LEWH 80, MCAW 144, OCD 350, bk, lvS |
| c.392 | PUNIC / GREEK WAR from 398 suspended until 383. DIONYSIUS-I of Syracuse gets supremacy over Sicels and most of Sicily, but fails to drive Carthaginians out of Sicily. | 392 B76 13-147, CAH 7.2, LEWH 80, MCAW 144, OCD 350, RAH 306, lvS |
| c.392 | GELA, independent from 405, under Syracuse until 345. | 392 rcSI |
| c.392 | ACRAGAS, under Carthage from 406, comes under Syracuse until 378. | 392 rcSI |
| c.391 | Dionysius-I establishes a colony at Messana as a stronghold against Rhegium. | 391 GHH |
| c.390 | ECPHANTUS, Pythagorean of Syracuse, flourishes (if he existed). Λ COSMOLOGY: Supports heliocentric theory and Λ SPHERICAL EARTH: "The Earth moves about its own center in an eastward direction.". (See Dicaearchos 340) |
390 Dur 2-502 4th cen.: wikEc |
| c.390 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse sends bro LEPTINES ahead to invade south Italy to help Lucanians against Italian Greeks. | 390 DGRBM 1-1034, 2-771, wikLS |
| c.390 | LEPTINES, fleet commander of Syracuse from ?, replaced by bro THEARIDES. | 390 DGRBM 3-1022 |
| c.390 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, invades south Italy until 388. | 391 CAH 6, Dur 2-458, MCAW 144 390 DGRBM 2-771, LEWH 80 |
| c.389 | CAULONIA on south coast of Italy taken by Dionysius-I of Syracuse. | 389 OCD 217-8 387 Dur 2-458 |
| c.389 | THEARIDES, fleet commander of Syracuse, commands an expedition to the Liparaean islands, where he captures 10 Rhegian ships. | 389 DGRBM 3-1022 |
| c.389 | Dionysius-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, defeats ??? at Helorus river in southeast Sicily. | 389 GHH |
| c.389 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, invades Italy 2nd time until 388. | 389 DGRG 1-575 |
| c.388 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, in south Italy twice from 390, returns to Sicily. | 379 LEWH 80 |
| c.388 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, grants Spartan request for help in Corinthian War 395-86. | 388 MCAW 148 387 CAH 6 |
| 388/7 | DION, relative of Dionysius-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, invites PLATO to Syracuse. | 388/7 CDCC 276 |
| c.387 | PLATO in Italy studying philosophy with Archytas at Taras, then with Timaeus at Locri, goes to Sicily until 386. | 389 GHH 388 CAH 6, MCAW 149 388/7 B76 8-370 387 Dur 2-458, 510, OCD 839 |
| c.387 | PHILISTUS, commander of the citadel for Dionysius-I of Syracuse falls from power, exiled until 366. | 386/5 B76 VII-948 |
| c. 387 | DAMON and PYTHIAS: Pythagorean friends Damon and Pythias move to Syracuse. Pythias is accused of plotting against Dionysius-I, and is sentenced to death. Pythias asks to return home to bid his family farewell. Dionysius-I, of course, refuses. Damon offers to stand in while Pythias is gone. Dionysius says if Pythias does not return on time, Damon will be executed in his place. Damon agrees. Pythias is released. The day Pythias promised to return passes. Dionysius prepares to execute Damon. Pythias returns, saying how while returning to Syracuse, pirates captured his ship and threw him overboard. Dionysius pardons them both. | 387 GHH no date: wikDP |
| c.387 | Dionysius-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, intervenes in Corinthian war on Spartan side by sending his bro-in-law POLYXENOS with 20 ships from Sicily and Italy to help Antalcidas in the final campaign which blockades the Hellespont. | 387 CAH 6-149 385 GHH |
| c.386 | PLATO in Sicily from 387, returns to Athens until 367. | 388 GHH 386 Dur 2-510 |
| c.386 | 500 Roman colonists sent to SARDINIA. | 386 CAH 7.2 |
| c.385 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, founds cities in Adriatic - helps Parians found colonies at Issa and Pharos. | 387 DGRG 2-68 385 CAH 6 385/4 CAH 6-147 |
| c.385 |  PHAROS Island in Adriatic off coast of Dalmatia colonized by Greeks helped by Dionysius-I of Syracuse. |
387 DGRG 2-68 385 wikDΦ 385/4 CAH 6-148 |
CONFUSION ALERT! PHAROS island is in the Adriatic. PAROS island is in the Cyclades.
| c.385 | Dionysius-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, suppresses piracy on Etruscan coasts. | 385 GHH |
| c.385 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, sends an embassy to Athens for the Olympic festival. | 385 B76 III-560 |
| c.384 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, allies with Spartans. | 384 GHH |
| c.384 | Naval base on Corsica established by Dionysius-I of Syracuse. | 384 CAH 7.2 |
| 384/3 | PHAROS Island newly colonized by Greeks, native barbarian inhabitants call in help from Illyrians. | 384/3 CAH 6-148 |
| c.383 | PUNIC / GREEK WAR in Sicily, dormant from 392, resumes until 381. DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367 attacks Carthaginians. | 383 CAH 6-148-9, DGRBM 1-1035, Dur 2-472, GHH, LEWH 80, MCAW 148 382 B76 13-147, CAH 7.2, MWΦ 198, OCD 350 |
| c.383 | DIONYSIUS-I, tyrant of Syracuse 406-367, defeated by Carthaginians. | 383 GHH |
| c.383 | TREATY at Halycus River between Dionysius-I and Carthaginians. Peace until 368. | 383 DGRG 1-984, 1029, GHH, LdHR 1-298 |
| c.381 | MAGO dies. Punic general, in Sicily from ?, defeated and killed in battle by Diontsius-I of Syracuse at Kabala in west Sicily. | 383 GHH 381 MWΦ 198 379 HAG, bk 378-5 wikBC 375 CAH 7.2 |
| c. 380 | DAMOCLES, courtier of Dionysius-I tyrant of Syracuse, tells Dionysius that he is extremely fortunate. Dionysius then offers to switch places with Damocles, so that Damocles could taste that fortune firsthand. Dionysius hangs a sword by a hair of horsetail over his own seat at his banquet table, and then has Damocles sit in it. Damocles does so, but soon begs to be allowed to depart because he no longer wants to be so fortunate. | no date: B76 III-363, wikDm |
| c.379 | Carthaginians again invade Sicily. | 379 GHH |
| c.378 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367 badly defeated by Carthaginians at CRONIUM. LEPTINES, bro of Dionysius-I, commands right wing, and is killed in battle. | 379 HAG 378 bk 375 B76 13-147, CAH 7.2, OCD 350, wikLS |
| c.378 | PUNIC / GREEK WAR from 383 ends. Dionysius cedes land west of Halycus River and 1,000 talents to Carthaginians. | 381 LEWH 80 379/8 MCAW 152 378 CAH 6 |
| c.378 | SARDINIA, under Carthage 500-238: Rome sends 500 man colonizing party in violation of the 508 treaty. Nothing comes of it. | 378 CDCC 277, MWΦ 210 |
| c.378 | ACRAGAS, under Syracuse from 392, ceded back to Carthage until 352. | 378 CDCC 277 |
| c.378 | SELINUS, under Syracuse from ?, ceded back to Carthage. | 378 CDCC 277 |
| c.374 | Pro-Spartan faction in CORCYRA, eager to overthrow the democracy, appeal to Sparta, promise to betray Zakynthos to the Spartans if Sparta would send a fleet. Sparta sends 22 ships under Alcidas. | 374 CAH 6-177 |
| c.374 | CORCYRA, in 2nd Athenian League 375-60, besieged by Spartan fleet under Alcidas with Syracusan help until 373. The Corcyrans appeal to Athens, which votes to help them and the Zakynthian exiles. | 374 CAH 6-177, MCAW 152 373 wikCrf |
| c.374 | Athenian CTESICLES sent to ZAKYNTHOS to take command of the exiles. | 374 CAH 6 374/3 CAH 6-177 |
| c.373 | CEPHALONIA Island off west coast of Greece receives an Athenian garrison. | 373 OHG 170 |
| c.373 | Athenian CTESICLES, at Zakynthos from 374, with 600 peltasts, sent to Corcyra, while Athens prepares for a more serious expedition under Iphicrates. Ctesicles is successful. | 373 CAH 6-179 |
| c.373 | IPHICRATES, Athenian admiral sent to Corcyra. | 373 OCD 550 372 CAH 6-179 |
| c.373 | IPHICRATES defeats Spartan fleet off Corcyra. | 373 bk |
| c.373 | Spartan fleet besieging Corcyra from 374 fails, goes home. | 373 OCD 289 |
| c.373 | TREATY between Dionysius-I and Carthage profitable for Carthage. | 373 CAH 6-373 |
| c.373 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367 sends 10 ships under Crinippos to help Spartans at Corcyra. | 373 DGRBM 1-891 |
| c.373 | ZAKYNTHOS Island west of Greece, under oligarchy from 404, back under democracy until 217. | 373 rcSB3 |
| 373/2 | IPHICRATES, Athenian admiral, sails to Acarnania, helps friendly cities, sails to Cephalonia island with 90 ships and extracts money. | 372 CAH 6-179 |
| c.372 | IPHICRATES, Athenian admiral sails back to Corcyra. | 372 CAH 6 |
| c.372 | 10 Syracusan ships under Crinippos appear at Corcyra to help Spartans. They are ambushed by Iphicrates. 9 ships are captured. They contain expensive dedications intended for Delphi and Olympia. Iphicrates, with clearance from home, sells them, attracting an angry letter to Athens with a complaint of sacrilege. | 373 DGRBM 1-891 372 CAH 6-150, 179, CDCC 464 |
| c.371 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367 attends peace conference at Sparta. | 371 RAH 301 |
| c.369 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367 sends more than 20 Syracusan ships to help Sparta. | 369 CAH 6-150 |
| c.368 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367 sends more help to Sparta. | 368 CAH 6-150 |
| c.368 | DIONYSIUS-I of Syracuse begins 3rd PUNIC / GREEK WAR until 339. | 368 B76 13-147, CAH 6, 7.2, DGRBM 1-1035, Dur 2-472, GHH, LEWH 80, MCAW 154, OCD 350, lvS |
| 368/7 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse sends embassy to Athens, makes alliance. | 368 CAH 6 368/7 OCD 350 |
| c.367 | DIONYSIUS-I tyrant of Syracuse 406-367 tries to drive Carthaginians from Sicily, occupies SELINUS, ENTELLA, Mt. ERYX, besieges LILYBAEUM. Sends part of fleet back to Syracuse, remains at Drepana with 130 ships. | 368 DGRG 1-829 367 MWΦ 198 |
| c.367 | 200 Carthaginian ships under Hanno-III arrive at Drepana. | 367 MWΦ 198, hifiC |
| c.367 | DIONYSIUS-I defeated by Hanno-III at LILYBAEUM. | 368 bk, hifiC |
| c.367 | ENNA (town in center of Sicily) under Syracuse from 396, independent until 307. | 367 rcSI |
| c. 367 | DIONYSIUS-I dies. Tyrant of Syracuse from 406, commissions statues of himself as the god Dionysus. He learns that his play "Ransom of Hector" has won 1st place in Athens, parties so hard that he dies. Weak and despotic son DIONYSIUS-II succeeds until 357, under regency of uncle DION until 366. | 367 B76 III-560, 8-369-70, 17-918, spring CAH 6-151, CDCC 276, DGRBM 1-1035-6, Dur 2-244, GHH, LdHR 1-298, LEWH 80, MCAW 154, 157, MRDK, MWΦ 125, OCD 350, 839, 985, OHG, RAH 307, bk, lvS, rcSI |
| c.367 | DION and Dionysius-II quickly make peace with Carthage. Neither side gains anything. | 367 lvS 366 CAH 6 |
| c.367 | DION regent of Syracuse summons PLATO to transform Dionysius-II into a philosopher king. Plato goes to Syracuse until 365. Xenocrates accompanies. | 367 CAH 6, EoΦ 6-314, KPHP 67, MCAW 155, OCD 839, OHG, bk 367/6 CDCC 276 367 or 61 CHHΦ no date: B76 14-532, LEWH 80 |
| c.366 | DION regent of Syracuse is encouraged by PLATO to go for kingship. | 366 GHH |
| 366/5 | PHILISTUS, exiled from 386/5, recalled to Syracuse by DIONYSIUS-II. | 366/5 B76 VII-948 |
| 366/5 | DION, uncle of Dionysius-II, regent of Syracuse from 367, expelled by Philistus and Dionysius-II until 357. | 366 B76 III-560, CAH 6, lvS 366/5 OCD 351, 817 |
| 366/5 | PLATO, tutor of DION, from 367, repudiated by Dionysius-II, leaves Syracuse, returns to Athens until 361. | 366 B76 III-560, CAH 6, EoΦ 6-314, LEWH 80 366/5 CAH 6-390, OCD 351, lvS |
| c.365 | DIONYSIUS-II, tyrant of Syracuse 367-57, helps Sparta. | 365 CAH 6 |
| c.363 | DIONYSIUS-II, tyrant of Syracuse 367-57, invites Plato to visit him again, but postpones the recall of Dion for another year. | 363 CAH 6-697 |
| c. 361 | PLATO, in Athens from 366/5, invited back by Dionysius-II. Makes 3rd visit & last to Syracuse until 360 to reconcile Dion and Dionysius-II. Plato accompanied by neph Speusippus. Dionysius soon showed that he would never put Platonic theory into practice to the extent of renouncing tyranny. He also becomes increasingly intransigent towards Dion. | 367 or 61 CHHΦ 361 B76 IX-416, B76 8-370, 14-532, CAH 6-697, Dur 2-458, EoΦ 6-314, KPHP 68, MCAW 155, OCD 351, 500, 1009, OHG, lvS 361/0 CAH 6-390, OCD 500 360 bk |
| c.360 | PLATO in Syracuse from 361 with Speusippus, fails to reconcile Dion and Dionysius-II, forced to flee, return to Athens. | 360 B76 8-370, CDCC 688, EoΦ 6-314, MCAW 155 |
| c.360 | DION and Heracleides are banished by Dionysius-II. DION and bro Megacles flee from Syracuse to Greece until 357. | 360 GHH 358 DGRBM 2-1007, GHH |
| c.358 | ANDROMACHUS gathers refugees expelled from Naxos by Dionysius-II to nearby TAUROMENIUM, and becomes its tyrant until ?. | 358 OCD 1040, 1074 |
| c.357 | DIONYSIUS-II, tyrant of Syracuse 367-57, goes to Italy until 347 to visit 2 new colonies in Iagygia. | 357/6 OCD 351 |
| c.357 | DION, former regent of Syracuse 36-67, at Athens with Plato from 358, recruits 800-1,500 mercenaries from Zakynthos and sails to Syracuse while Dionysius-II is in Italy, lands at Heraclea Minoa on south coast of Carthaginian Sicily, recovers Syracuse, rules as tyrant until 354. | 357 B76 III-559, CAH 6, CDCC 276, 853, DGRBM, DGRG 1-984, 1048, Dur 2-458, 474, GHH, LEWH 80, MCAW 158, OCD 349, 817, 839, bk, lvS 356 OCD 1030 |
| c.357 | Dion's fleet comprises 2 merchantmen (for the soldiers), 1 ancillary vessel, and 2 triremes. | 357 wikDnS |
| c.357 | Agrigentine knights of Ecnomus hill at the mouth of Himera river on south coast of Sicily join Dion against Syracuse. | 357 DGRG 1-804 |
CONFUSION ALERT! The ancients appear to call 2 Sicilian rivers Himera, and even assert that they joined in the middle of the island ! DGRG 1-1068
| c.356 | DIONYSIUS-II, tyrant of Syracuse from 367, and fleet commander PHILISTUS, defeated at sea by DION, Dionysius-II is deposed. Philistus continues fight for Dionysius. DION succeeds as unofficial boss of Syracuse until 354. | 357 B76 8-370, 14-532, LEWH 80, bk 356 B76 III-560, DGRBM 3-295, GHH, HAG, MRDK, OCD 817, OHG |
| c.356 | PHILISTUS the historian, tries and fails to recover Leontini for Dionysius-II. | 356 DGRBM 3-295 |
| c.356 | PHILISTUS the historian, with 60 triremes, fights Dion's fleet reinforced by 20 Peloponnesian ships, gets surrounded, suicides out. | 356 DGRBM 3-295, GHH, HAG, OCD 817, OHG |
| c.356 | ORTYGIA island (on which Syracuse is) blockaded by Dion until 355. | 356 CAH 6 |
| c.356 | NYPSIUS Neapolitan officer under Dionysius-II, arrives in Syracuse to relieve the citadel, which is besieged by Syracusans under Dion. He arrives in time to prevent the garrison from surrendering the citadel, and, by a sudden night sally, defeats the Syracusans. Next day, Dion returns and, Nypsius is defeated, and again shut up in the citadel. | 356 CAH 6 no date: DGRBM 2-1213 |
| c.356 | Brothers DION and MEGACLES besiege the citadel at Syracuse. | 356 DGRBM 1-1028 |
| c.356 | DIONYSIUS-II, tyrant of Syracuse leaves son Apollocrates with a mercenary force in charge of the citadel, sails to Locris Italy. | 356 B76 III-560, DGRBM 1-1028 |
| c.356 | HIPPARINUS son of Dion, in Syracuse citadel, besieged by Dion. | 356 DGRBM 2-478 |
| c.355 | DION, ruler of Syracuse from 357, usurps dictatorial power, rules as tyrant until 354. | 355 B76 8-370 |
| c.355 | Jealousy between Dion and Heracleides, who is murdered. | 355 GHH |
| c.355 | ORTYGIA island, blockaded by Dion from 356, falls. | 355 CAH 6 |
| c.354 | Eudemos, Dion, Timonides of Leucas, and other Academics conspire to overthrow Dionysius-II, now in Italy. | 354 CAH 6-617 |
| c.354 | Ruler of Syracuse from 357, DION murdered during festival of Persephone (either by his own soldiers or by agents of his follower and fellow Academic, CALIPPUS). Dion's wife, Arete, his sis Aristomache are imprisoned. Anarchy follows with Calippus as top dog until 353. Dionysius-II bides his time in Italy. | 356 HAG 354 B76 III-559, 8-370, mid CAH 6-705, Dur 2-458, LEWH 80, MCAW 158, MRDK, OCD 349-50, OHG, bk, lvS 353 CDCC 276, DGRBM 1-278, 574, GHH, wikHg |
| c.353 | Arete bears a son in prison. Arete and her mother and Dion's sister Aristomache are released and find temporary protection under general Hicetas, who is later persuaded to put them on a ship to Corinth and have them drowned. | 353 DGRBM 1-278, 2-449 |
| 353/2 | CATANA, under Syracuse 403-352, besieged by Calippus of Syracuse. During this time Hipparinus, son of Dionysius-I, seizes Syracuse. | 351 GHH |
| 353/2 | CALIPPUS, honcho of Syracuse from 354, deposed by family and partisans of Dion under HIPPARNIUS. Anarchy follows until 347 with Hipparinus as top dog until 351/0. | 353 B76 8-370, bk 352 CAH 6, DGRBM 2-478, MRDK, rcSI, wikCS 351 GHH |
| c.352 | CATANA Sicily under Syracuse from 403, no longer Under Syracuse until 305. Under tyrant MAMERKOS until 338. | 352 LEWH 80, OCD 214, rcSI |
| c.352 | ACRAGAS, under Carthage from 378, comes under tyrant PHARAX, and is then destroyed by Carthage and semi-abandoned until 338. | 352 rcSI |
| 351/0 | HIPPARNIUS, honcho of Syracuse from 353, dies. Bro NYSAEUS succeeds in a state of anarchy until 347. | 352/1 B76 8-370 351 CAH 6, bk 350 MRDK, rcSI |
| c.350 | Syracusan general HICETAS becomes tyrant of Leontini until 339. | no date: wikHg |
| c.348 | Rome / Carthage Λ 2nd treaty V and trade agreement. Romans will stay away from Sardinia and Libya. Carthage will not attack Latin cities loyal to Rome. Contains trade clauses acknowledging the possibility that Roman traders might visit Sicily or Africa, but primarily to protect commercial interests of Carthage, not Rome. | 348 Agθ 33, B76 13-149, CAH 7.2-323, DGRG 1-533, LEWH 85, MCAW 163, MWΦ 210, OCD 208, TToH, bk |
| c.347 | DIONYSIUS-II former tyrant of Syracuse 367-6, in Italy from 357, returns to Syracuse. NYSAEUS, honcho of Syracuse from 351/0, ousted by Dionysius-II, who rules as tyrant until 344. His opponents flee to Leontini. | 347 B76 8-370, GHH, LEWH 80, MRDK, lvS 347/6 GHH, OCD 351, rcSI 346 CAH 6, DGRBM 1-1035, Dur 2-458, MCAW 162, OHG, bk |
| c.345 | Opponents of Dionysius-II in Syracuse call in HICETAS, tyrant of Leontini, to rule them. They also appeal to mother city Corinth to depose Dionysius-II. | 345 B76 8-370, CAH 6, LEWH 80 |
| c.345 | HICETAS, tyrant of Leontini 350-39, intrigues with Carthaginians. | 345 CAH 6 |
| c.345 | GELA, under Syracuse from 392, comes under local oligarchy until 305. | 345 rcSI |
| c.345 | HANNO-III with 50,000 inf backed by cav, many chariots, and siege engines, sent from Carthage to Sicily. | 344 DGRBM 2-342, hifiC |
| c.345 | ENTELA besieged Hanno-III. Galaria is the only city that sends aid (1,000 men) to Entela. | 345 DGRG 1-926 |
| c.345 | ENTELA falls to Hanno-III. | 345 CAH 7.2, DGRG 1-926 |
| c.344 | Sicilians, including Syracusan exiles, send envoys to Corinth to implore assistance against Dionysius-II. | 344 B76 IX-1017, DGRBM 3-1139 |
| c.344 | DIONYSIUS-II, tyrant of Syracuse 347-44, is blockaded on Ortygia by Syracusan rebels under HICETAS of Leontini aided by Carthaginian fleet. | 345 OCD 351 345/4 CAH 7.2 |
| c.344 | Carthaginian allies of Hicetas are defeated. | 344 GHH |
| c.344 | TIMOLEON of Corinth, with a few hundred mercenaries is sent from Corinth to help Syracuse against Dionysius-II. He lands at Tauromenium. | 345 B76 8-370, 17-919 344 B76 IX-1017, CAH 6, CDCC 853, 891, DGRBM 2-911, 3-1130, 1139, GHH, MCAW 162, OCD 290, OHG, RAH 307 |
| c.344 | Andromachus tyrant of Tauromenium receives Timoleon, and is left in power. | 344 DGRBM 3-1130 |
| c.344 | TIMOLEON of Corinth faces 2 enemies: Dionysius-II of Syracues and Hicetas of Leontini who has Punic help. | 344 B76 IX-1017 |
| c.344 | HICETAS, tyrant of Leontini 350-39, learns that TIMOLEON is advancing to occupy Adranum, hurries there to oppose him, but is defeated with heavy loss. | 344 CAH 6, DGRBM 2-450, GHH, bk, wikHg |
| c.344 | ADRANUM, under Syracuse from 400, taken by Timoleon. | 345 DGRG 1-25 |
| c.344 | DIONYSIUS-II, tyrant of Syracuse from 347, forced to adbicate by TIMOLEON of Corinth, who becomes tyrant until 337. Dionysius-II is sent to Corinth, where he fades out of history. Timoleon restores peace and unity and an oligarchy until 317. | 345 B76 17-919 344 B76 8-370, CAH 6, 7.2, CDCC 853, 891, Dur 2-458, ISBE 4-686, OCD 290, RAH 307, bk, rcSI 343 B76 III-560, DGRBM 3-1140, GHH, MCAW 162, 163, lvS |
| c.343 | ORTYGIA island, under Dionysids from 405/4, taken by TIMOLEON of Corinth. | 343 DGRBM 1-1037 |
| c.343 | Invited by Hicetas, MAGO of Carthage brings a large army to Syracuse. | 343 CAH 6-711 |
| c.343 | Hicetas of Leontini and Carthaginian Mago try to blockade Timoleon unsuccessfully. | 344/3 CAH 7.2 |
| c.343 | Corinthian expedition of 10 ships, 2,000 hoplites, and 200 cavalry, is unable to proceed beyond Thurii Italy because it is intercepted by a Carthaginian squadron. | spring 343 CAH 6-711 |
| c.343 | MAGO of Carthage, and Hicetas are unable to reduce Ortygia. They both go to attack Catana, the supply source for the besieged. Meanwhile Neon, commander of the Corinthian garrison, recovers Achradina. Greek mercenaries of Mago and Hicetas fraternize with those in Catana. Mago sails home. | 343 CAH 6-711, 7.2-495 |
| c.343 | TIMOLEON of Corinth, tyrant of Syracuse 344-37, settles affairs at Syracuse. | 343 CAH 6 |
| c.342 | TIMOLEON of Corinth, tyrant of Syracuse 344-37, raids Carthaginian territory. | 342 CAH 6 |
| c.342 | TIMOLEON of Corinth, attacks Hicetas in Leontini, repulsed, then attacks Leptines, tyrant of Engyum and Apollonia. Leptines capitulates at Engyum, and is exiled to the Peloponnese, thence to Corinth. | 342 mid CAH 6-712, DGRBM 2-771 |
| c.342 | TIMOLEON of Corinth, tyrant of Syracuse 344-37, advances into Carthaginian west Sicily, occupies Entella, defeats Carthaginians near Segesta. | 343 CAH 7.2, OCD 1074 342/1 B76 8-370, MWΦ 198 |
| c.341 | 200 Carthaginian warships carrying 70,000 inf and 10,000 cav under Hasdrubal and Hamilcar sail from Africa, land at Lilybaeum Sicily to restore Carthaginian authority in the west. | 341 CAH 6-713, OCD 1076 339 DGRBM 3-1140 |
| c.341 | TIMOLEON, tyrant of Syracuse 344-37, patches up his quarrel with Hicetas, then with only 12,000 men marches into Carthaginian land. 1,000 of his mercenaries mutiny near Acragas and desert. | 341 CAH 6-713 |
| c.340 | Celt mercenaries mentioned in Sardinia as courageous, impetuous, and fickle fighters. | 340 CAH 7.2-495 |
| c.340 | TIMOLEON, tyrant of Syracuse 344-37, with 11,000 troops, defeats 70,000 Carthaginians under Hasdrubal and Hamilcar at Crimissos River near Segesta, drives Carthaginians west. But afterward Timoleon's allies rebel. | 341 B76 8-370, CAH 6-713, 7.2, LEWH 80, OHG, bk 340 DGRG 1-76, Dur 2-458, MWΦ 339 DGRBM 2-326, 354, 3-1141, DGRG 1-706, GHH, MCAW 166-7, wikBC, wikHg |
| c.339 | Appolloniades, tyrant of Agira Sicily, conquered and expelled by Cornithian general Timoleon. Some 10,000 ethnic Greeks are settled in Agira. | 339 DGRG 1080, rcSI |
| c.339 | AGIRA comes under Syracuse until 289. | 339 rcSI |
| c.339 | TIMOLEON, tyrant of Syracuse 344-37, attacks and defeats Campanian mercenaries entrenched in Etna. Agathocles distinguishes himself in battle. | 339 Agθ 39, 98, CAH 7.1-385 |
| c.339 | ETNA, under Syracuse from ?, under Campanian mercenaries from 426, taken by Timoleon. Campanians are killed. | 339 DGRG 1-60 |
| c.339 | NICODEMUS, tyrant of Centuripa southwest of Mt. Etna, expelled by Timoleon. Centuripa is free until ?. | 339 DGRG 1-586 |
| c.339 | HICETAS, Tyrant of Leontini, is totally defeated by Timoleon at river Damurias, and is soon captured with his son Eupolemus. | 339 DGRBM 2-1191, DGRBM 2-450, wikHg |
| c.339 | Tyrant of Leontini from 350, HICETAS executed at Leontini, together with his son Eupolemus. His wife and daus are carried to Syracuse, where they are executed by order of the people. | 339 CAH 6, DGRBM 2-450, wikHg |
| c.339 | LEONTINI again incorporaed under Syracuse, population transferred to Syracuse. | 339 DGRG 2-159 |
| c.339 | TIMOLEON, tyrant of Syracuse 344-37, makes peace with Carthaginians. 3rd PUNIC / GREEK WAR from 368 ends. Himera and Halycus Rivers are boundary between them. Timoleon deposes 2 tyrants and establishes a peace that lasts until 317. | 339 CAH 7.2, LEWH 80, lvS 338 CAH 6-715, DGRBM 3-1141, MCAW 166, bk |
| c.338 | ACRAGAS, semi-abandoned from 352, refounded by a remnant of its former citizens, who are gathered by Megellus under auspices of Timoleon. Under Timoleon until 337, under tyranny until 314. | 338 B76 I-146, CAH 7.2, DGRBM 2-1009, rcSI |
| c.338 | MAMERKOS tyrant of Catana from 352, defeated by Timoleon at the Abolus, abandoned by Carthaginian allies, tries to enlist support of Lucanians, but is deserted by his own men, who surrender Catana to Timoleon. Mamerkos escapes and takes refuge with Hippon tyrant of Messana. | 338 DGRBM 2-493, DGRG 1-984, rcSI no date: CAH 6-715 |
| c.338 | TIMOLEON follows Mamerkos to Messana and besieges by land and sea. Tyrant Hippon tries to escape by sea, but is siezed by Messanans, brought back to the public theater, and executed. | 338 CDGRA 625, DGRBM 2-493 |
| 338/7 | GELA resettled by Timoleon. | 338/7 CAH 7.2 |
| c.337 | TIMOLEON tyrant of Syracuse from 344, retires with great honors from Syracusans. His oligarchy lasts until 317. | 338 OHG 337 B76 8-370, 17-919, CAH 6, LEWH 80, MCAW 169 337/6 B76 IX-1017 |
| c.336 | TIMOLEON dies at Syracuse. | 337 CAH 7.1-384, DGRBM, Dur 2-475, GHH 336 MCAW 169, OCD 985, RAH 308 |
| 331 Sep 20/1 | LUNAR ECLIPSE recorded in Sicily and at Arbela. "But about the first watch the Moon in eclipse, hid at first the brilliance of her heavenly body, then all her light was sullied and suffused with the hue of blood." (Curtius, History of Alexander) "Inhabitants of the East do not perceive evening eclipses of the Sun and Moon, nor do those dwelling in the West see morning eclipses, while the latter see eclipses at midday later than we do. The victory of Alexander the Great is said to have caused an eclipse of the Moon at Arbela at 8pm while the same eclipse in Sicily was when the Moon was just rising... this was because the curve of the globe discloses and hides different phenomena for different localities." (Pliny, Natural History 77CE) |
331 Sep 20/1 CAH 7.2-21, mrec |
| c.330 | Syracusans go to Italy, help Croton against the Bruttii. | 330 CAH 7.2 |
| c.330 | Carthaginians help Syracusan aristocracy. | 330 CAH 7.2 |
| c.330 | Power in Syracuse falls to an oligarchic coterie of 600 men from noble families under leadership of Sosistratus and Heracleides. | 330 CAH 7.1-384 |
| c.325 | AGATHOCLES of Syracuse distinguishes himself in wars against Acragas and the Brutii. | 325 OCD 25 |
| c.325 | AGATHOCLES of Syracuse marries widow of his patron Damas, a distinguished and wealthy citizen. | 325 wikAg |
| c.325 | AGATHOCLES charges leading oligarch of Syracuse Sostratus with treason, fails, and is exiled. Sostratus carries a decree of banishment against friends of Agathocles, and 1,000 men are forced to leave, their property confiscated. They are then killed. Agathocles gathers what forces he can from the downfall of his party, and goes to Italy until 322. | 326 Agθ 43-44 325 CAH 6, MCAW 170 |
| c.322 | SOSTRATUS oligarch of Syracuse, besieging RHEGIUM Italy from ?, fails, returns to Syracuse, loses his leadership position. | 322 Agθ 45 |
| c.322 | AGATHOCLES exiled in Italy from 325, returns to Syracuse. | 322 CAH 6, 7.1, Agθ 44 |
| c.322 | Syracuse, under oligarchy 337-17, Agathocles raises democratic revolt until 317. | 323 LEWH 90 322 MCAW 172 |
| c.321 | AGATHOCLES of Syracuse rescues a Syracusan force which is attacked by Sostratus at Gela. | 321 atl4 |
| c.320 | ACESTORIDES of Corinth invited to Syracuse to arbitrate disputes between Agathocles and his opponents - mainly Sostratus. Remains until 319. | 320 wikAcs |
| c.320 | AGATHOCLES expelled from Syracuse by Acestorides. Flees into the midlands until 317. He goes to Morgantina, where he is given command of an army. | 320 CAH 7.1, atl4 319 Agθ 49 |
| c.319 | Acestorides leaves Syracuse. Oligarch Sostratus becomes leader of Syracuse until 317. | 319 atl4, wikAcs |
| c.319 | AGATHOCLES captures Leontini with an army from Morgantina. | 319 atl4 |
| 319 /18 | AGATHOCLES tries to recover Syracuse, but it is now guarded by Hamilcar's Carthaginian troops which outnumber him. So Agathocles negotiates with Hamilcar. | 319/18 Agθ 51 |
| 319 /18 | AGATHOCLES appointed general and guardian of the peace at Syracuse, and put in command of fortified positions in Sicily. The position he had previously usurped in Sicel areas is now legalized. | 319/18 CAH 7.1-388 |
| c.318 | HAMILCAR negotiates treaty with oligarchs allowing AGATHOCLES to return from Africa to Syracuse. | 318 MWΦ 199 no date: Agθ 51-53 |
| c.317 | AGATHOCLES is allowed to return to Syracuse, but is bound by oaths at the temple of Demeter to not overthrow the oligarchy, and to keep peace with Carthage. Hamilcar then leaves 5,000 of his own troops (now mercenaries) under Agathocles, and marches out of Syracuse. Sostratus flees to Herbita. | no date: Agθ 53 |
| c.317 | AGATHOCLES with Carthginian mercenaries overthrows the oligarchy at Syracuse set up by Timoleon 344, kills 4,000 oligarchs, banishes 6,000 to Acragas, divides their property among the poor. AGATHOCLES becomes tyrant of Syracuse until 305/4 supported by lower classes. | 318/7 B76 8-371 317 B76 I-313, 8-832, 17-919, CDCC 22, GHH, LdHR 1-299, LEWH 90, MRDK, OCD 25, 1030, 1074, OHG, RAH 383, bk, rcSI, wikAg 317/6 CDCC 853 316 MCAW 174, OCD 194, atl4 no date: Agθ 56 |
| c.317 | Bruttians of south Italy, at war with Syracusans from ?, make peace. | 317 Agθ 41 |
| c.317 | TIMAEOS of Tauromenium exiled from Syracuse by Agathocles, travels widely in Spain and Gaul until ?. Becomes a Historian. | 317 Dur 2-612 315 CAH 7.2, CDCC 889 |
| c.317 | AGATHOCLES tyrant of Syracuse 317-05/4, subjugates most of Sicily until 289. | 317 OCD 985 316 OCD 194 316/5 lvS |
| c.316 | AGATHOCLES tyrant of Syracuse 317-05/4, attacks MESSANA, but fails to take it, sails to Mylae, where the guard, after a short siege, opens the gates. Returns to Syracuse. Agathocles besieges Messana again, but an embassy from Carthage lands and orders him to quit siege, because it was contrary to Timoleon's treaty. He complies, and goes to Abacaenum. | 316 Agθ 60-61 315 Agθ 99, atl4 315/4 CAH 7.1-390, 7.2 |
| c.316 | TAUROMENIUM (close to Naxos) taken by AGATHOCLES tyrant of Syracuse until ?. | 316 OCD 1040 315 CDCC 889 312 OCD 1074 |
| 316/15 | The Syracusan exiles become the driving force in Sicilian history until 306. | 316/15 CAH 7.1-390 |
| 316/15 | AGATHOCLES, tyrant of Syracuse 317-05/4, elected strategos autocrator. | 316/15 CAH 7.1 |
| c.315 | Syracusan oligarchs exiled at Acragas get Acragas to declare war, and join with Gela and Messana against Agathocles. They send an embassy to Sparta for a leader. | 315 Agθ 61-62 314 atl4 |
| 315/4 | Acragas, Gela, and Messana ally against Agathocles. | 315/4 CAH 7.2 314 CAH 7.1-391 |
| c.314 | ACRAGAS, under tyranny from 338, comes under Syracuse until 309/8. | 314 DGRG 1-76 |
| c.314 | Spartan ACROTATOS-I with a small squadron sails from Taras to Acragas, and is put in charge of coalition army. He behaves arrogantly, wasting war-funds on amusements. He has Sostratus stabbed to death while dining. The allies meet, and depose Acrotatos; then a mob gathers to stone him, so he slips away by night and sails home. | 315/4 CAH 7.2 314 Agθ 99, atl4 no date: Agθ 63 |
| c.314 | HAMILCAR intervenes in Sicily ostensibly to mediate between the Gela, Messana, Acragas coalition and Agathocles. Hamilcar takes Heraclea Minoa, Selinus. The coalition complains to Carthage, which does nothing. | 314 Agθ 63, MWΦ |
| c.314 | 60 Carthaginian ships come to the aid of Acragas. | 314 CAH 7.1-392 |
| c.314 | AGATHOCLES, tyrant of Syracuse 317-05/4, makes peace with Carthaginians: Heraclea Minoa, Selinus, and Himera to continue under Carthage. | 314 DGRG 1-1048, 1067 |
| c.314 | AGATHOCLES, tyrant of Syracuse 317-05/4, makes peace terms with Acragas, Gela, Messana alliance. | 314 CAH 7.1-392, 7.2, atl4 |
| c.314 | AGATHOCLES, tyrant of Syracuse 317-05/4, as a result of Hamilcar's mediation, makes peace with Syracusan exiles on basis of status quo. Messana does not accept the peace and becomes the main rallying point of the refugees. The peace benefits neither the exiles nor Carthage; but only Agathocles. | 314 CAH 7.1-391-2 |
| c.313 | HAMILCAR dies. He is secretly condemned by Punic senate, and dies soon afterward. No single man is in charge of Punic armies in Sicily until 311. | 314 atl4 313 Agθ 64 |
| c.313 | By the end of 313 nearly all Greek states are under Agathocles' power. | Agθ 65 |
| 313/2 | AGATHOCLES, tyrant of Syracuse 317-05/4, in violation of his peace with Acragas 314, besieges Acragas until 312/1. | 313/2 CAH 7.1-392 |
| c.312 | AGATHOCLES tyrant of Syracuse 317-05/4, sends general Pasiphilus to attack Messana territory. Pasiphilus takes much booty and many prisoners, and besieges Messana. Agathocles arrives with fresh troops. Messana admits Agathocles and his army into the city and expels the refugees. | 312 CAH 7.2, Agθ 65, atl4 312/11 CAH 7.1-391 |
| c.312 | AGATHOCLES summons all his enemies from Messana and Tauromenium and slaughters 600 of them. | 312 Agθ 67 |
| c.312 | TAUROMENIUM taken by Agathocles. | 312 Agθ 86 |
| c.312 | Syracusan general DEINOCRATES champions Syracusan exiles and coalition forces against Agathocles in midland Sicily. | 312 Agθ 68 |
| c.312 | CENTURIPA, a city under Agathocles, offers itself to Deinocrates, if Deinocrates will free Centuripa. Deinocrates sends Nymphodorus with a few troops for a surprise attack. They brake into Centuripa by night, but guards kill Nymphodorus, and those caught within the walls. Agathocles comes to Centuripa, accuses citizens of treason, has all suspects killed. | 312 Agθ 68, atl4 |
| c.312 | Agathocles' enemies in GALARIA invite Deinocrates to save them. Deinocrates with 5,000 men, expells partisans of Agathocles, then camps outside the walls. Agathocles' generals Pasiphilus and Demophilus with 5,000 men attack and defeat Deinocrates and kill all Gallarians who had rebelled. | 312 Agθ 69, atl4 311 DGRG 1-926 |
| c.312 | Carthaginians establish a camp on Mount Ecnomus, chief height on south coast of Sicily, within striking-distance of Gela, and overlooking the road from there to Acragas. This becomes last refuge of oligarchs against Agathocles. | 312 Agθ 70 |
| c.312/1 | ACRAGAS, besieged by Agathocles from 313/2, relieved by 60 Carthaginian ships. | 312/1 CAH 7.2 |
| c.311 | Hamilcar-II with 130 warships, 2,000 Punic troops, many of noble birth, 10,000 Africans, 1,000 mercenaries, 200 chariots from Etruria, and 1,000 Balearic slingers is hit by a storm, loses 60 triremes and 200 grain-ships. | 311 Agθ 70-71, CAH 7.1-392, DGRBM 2-326 |
| c.311 | ¼ of Hamilcar's troops are Libyan. | 311 CAH 7.2-494 |
| c.311 | HAMILCAR son of Gisco invades Sicily, takes over the troops already there, recruits until his army totals 40,000 inf and 5,000 cav. | 311 Agθ 71, DGRBM 2-326, Dur 2-555, atl4, prsH |
| c.311 | Agathocles / Carthage war begins until 306. | 312/11 CAH 7.1 311 OHG |
| c.311 | Agathocles wants to take GELA, which is ambivalent about him. He sends troops into Gela a few at a time, so as not to arrouse suspicion. Then he enters, takes charge, slaughters 4,000 Gelans, and orders the rest to deliver all their money. They do. | 311 Agθ 71-2, OCD 459, atl4 |
| c.311 | Leaving a strong guard in Gela, Agathocles marches out and camps on Mount Phalarium. The Himera river now flows between Agathocles and the Carthaginians. | 311 Agθ 73 |
| c.311 | AGATHOCLES of Syracuse defeated by Carthaginian HAMILCAR-II on HIMERA RIVER. 500 Carthaginians and 7,000 Greeks killed. | 312/1 MCAW 174 311 Agθ 74-6, Jun CAH 7.1, CDCC 22, DGRBM 2-326, DGRG 1-805, 1068, LEWH 90, OCD 25, atl4, lvS, wikAg 311/0 CAH 7.2 |
| c.311 | AGATHOCLES burns his camp and flees to Gela. Being apprehensive of Gelas defection to the Carthaginians, Agathocles introduces a body of troops into the city, massacres above 4,000 principal citizens, thereby establishing temporary power there. | 311 Agθ 83, DGRG 1-984, atl4 |
| c.311 | Finding Gela too strong to take, HAMILCAR,-II proclaims freedom and good-will to the Greeks. Envoys from Camarina, Leontini, Catana, and Tauromenium offer alliance, then from farther-off Messana and Abacaenum. Agathocles draws his forces together and slips home to Syracuse. | 311 Agθ 84-5, atl4 |
| c.311 | Syracuse besieged by HAMILCAR son of Gisco. Carthaginian fleet blockades the harbor. | 312/1 MCAW 174 311 Agθ 88, Jun CAH 7.1, CDCC 22, LEWH 90, wikAg 310 GHH |
| c.310 | All Sicily except Syracuse is now under Carthaginians. | 310 MWΦ 199 |
| c.310 | HAMILCAR son of Gisco has a Greek pilot who betrays Punic plans to Agathocles. Hamilcar discovers it and tells the pilot that he plans to surprise Olympieum near Syracuse. This is passed to Agathocles, who goes to defend Olympieum. Hamilcar lays an ambush, and kills 7,000 Greeks. | 311/10 Agθ 88 310 atl4 |
| c.310 | AGATHOCLES helps 1,600 rich men of Syracuse escape the siege, then murders them on the road and takes their money. | 310 Agθ 90, MCAW 178 |
| 310 Aug. 14 | AGATHOCLES leaves bro Antander, with Brymnon the Aetolian, to rule Syracuse, and a son commanding the army in Syracuse. With sons Archagathus and Heracleides, Agathocles escapes the blockade in 60 ships, does not take the normal southern route to Africa, but sails along the coast of Sicily to deceive the Carthaginians. | 310 Agθ 90, B76 I-133, 13-148, CAH 7.1-394, 7.2, DGRBM 1-182, 499, Dur 2-555, GHH, LEWH 90, MCAW 178, MWΦ 126, 199, atl4, bk, lvS, wikAg |
| 310 Aug 15 |
SOLAR ECLIPSE on the day after Agathocles escapes. "Agathocles, who was already at the point of being overtaken and surrounded, gained unhoped for safety as night closed in. On the next day there occurred such an eclipse of the Sun that utter darkness set in and the stars were seen everywhere; wherefore Agathocles' men, believing that the prodigy portended misfortune for them, fell into even greater anxiety about the future. After they had sailed for six days and the same number of nights, just as day was breaking, the fleet of the Carthaginians was unexpectedly seen far away." (Diodorus Siculus) | 310 Aug 15 Agθ 91, 97, CAH 7.1-394, DGRBM 1-64, atl4, hbar, mrec |
| 310 Aug. 20 | AGATHOCLES with 60 ships arrives in Africa, holds up until 307. | 310 Agθ 90, B76 I-133, 13-148, CAH 7.1-394, 7.2, Dur 2-555, GHH, LEWH 90, MCAW 178, MWΦ 126, 199, atl4, bk, lvS, wikAg |
| c. 310 | The brass prows of Agathocles burnt ships are sent to HAMILCAR-II besieging Syracuse. He uses them as evidence to the Syracusans that Agathocles' party has been annihilated. Most believe it. Syracusans drive out all kinsfolk of the men believed dead, and any others who disliked the government of the regents, 8,000 in all. Hamilcar shelters them. Syracusans are divided on the question of surrender. Hamilcar builds siege-engines to storm the city. | 310 Agθ 118 |
| c.310 | 2 ships from Agathocles under Nearchus elude the Punic blockade, and arrive at Syracuse to inform them of Agathocles' victory at Carthage. | 310 Agθ 119 |
| c.310 | HAMILCAR-II backs off his siege engines, and sends 5,000 men home to help Carthage. | 310 Agθ 119 |
| 310/9 | HAMILCAR-II spends winter raising fresh troops. | 310/9 Agθ 132 |
| c.309 | By spring HAMILCAR-II has 120,000 infantry, and 5,000 cav; no doubt including Greek mercenaries. | 309 Agθ 132 |
| c.309 | HAMILCAR-II dies. 3rd Hannid ruler of Carthage from 330, besieging Syracuse, blunders, and is captured by Syracusans. He is decapitated, and his head sent to Agathocles in Africa. The Carthaginians and their Greek allies split under different generals, and the siege of Syracuse lingers on. | 309 Agθ 130-36, CAH 7.1-401, atl4, hifiC, wikMC 308 MCAW 181, MWΦ 199 |
| c.309 | Carthaginian blockade of Syracuse abandoned. | 309 Agθ 132, CAH 7.1 |
| c.309 | ERBESUS, somewhere in east Sicily, under a Syracusan garrison from ?, expells the garrison with help of Agrigentines and their allies under Xenodicus. | 309/8 CAH 7.2 |
| c.309 | ECHETLA Sicily, occupied by Syracusan troops, used as a base to harass cities Camarina and Netum until 308. | 309 DGRG 1-803 |
| c.309 | HERACLEA MINOA, on south coast, joins Acragantine league until 307. | 309 wikHM |
| c.309 | ACRAGAS, under Xenodicus, declares independence, leads south Sicily against Syracuse. Gela is first to join them. | 309 DGRG 1-984 309/8 CAH 7.2 |
| 309/8 | ACRAGAS, under Syracuse from 314, forms a democracy, and elects XENODIKOS ruler until 307, under democracy until 280. | 309 DGRG 1-76, atl4 309/8 Agθ 138 308 rcSI |
| 309/8 | ENNA, in central Sicily, independent 367-07, opens gates to Xenodicus of Acragas. | 309 DGRG 1-828 |
| c.308 | ECHETLA, a Syracusan outpost, harassing cities Camarina and Netum from 309, is stormed by XENODIKOS of Acragas. The Syracusans are driven out, and a popular government set up. | 309/8 Agθ 139 |
| c.308 | XENODIKOS of Acragas rescues many Sicilian cities from oppression from both Catrhaginians and Syracusans, but the old Phoenician posts are not touched. | 309/8 Agθ 139 |
| c.308 | XENODIKOS of Acragas, with 10,000+ inf and 1,000 cav, marches on Syracuse. Agathoclean generals LEPTINES and DEMOPHILUS, with 8,200 inf and 1,200 cav, defeat Xenodikos, who flees to Acragas, leaving 1,500 slain on the field. | 308 Agθ 159, CAH 7.1-402 |
| 308/7 | ACRAGAS defeated by Syracuse, which regains control of south Sicily. | 308/7 CAH 7.2 |
| c.307 | HERACLEA MINOA, on south coast, which had been free as a member of the Acragantine league from 309, declares independence from both Carthaginians and Agathocles. | 307 DGRG 1-1048 |
| c.307 | AGATHOCLES tyrant of Syracuse 317-05/4, in Africa from 310, with 2,000 men and much loot, returns to Sicily, lands at Selinus. | 308/7 Agθ 160 307 B76 I-133, fall CAH 7.1, MCAW 178, MWΦ 199, OCD 25, 208, wikAg |
| c.307 | HERACLEA MINOA surrenders to AGATHOCLES of Syracuse, under Syracuse until ?. | 308/7 Agθ 160 307 DGRG 1-1048 |
| c.307 | SEGESTA Sicily, under Carthage from 409, siezed by AGATHOCLES of Syracuse, under Syracuse until 280. | 308/7 Agθ 160 307 OCD 970 |
| c.307 | CEPHALODIUM on north coast siezed by AGATHOCLES of Syracuse, under Syracuse until ?. Leaving Leptines to hold Cephalodium, Agathocles marches inland to Centuripa, where some Agathocleans are ready to open the gates. | 308/7 Agθ 160, DGRG 1-589 |
| c.307 | CENTURIPA thwarts a night attack by AGATHOCLES of Syracuse, who loses 500 men. | 308/7 Agθ 160 |
| c.307 | APOLLONIA taken after 2 assaults by AGATHOCLES of Syracuse. | 308/7 Agθ 161 |
| c.307 | ENNA (town in central Sicily) independent from 367, comes under Syracuse until 289. | 307 rcSI |
| c.307 | DEINOCRATES, now an independent power with 20,000 inf and 1,500 cav, opposes AGATHOCLES, who prefers to retreat toward Syracuse. | 308/7 Agθ 161 |
| c.307 | The ETRUSCANS (of all people) decide to help Agathocles. They send 18 ships to Syracuse harbor (still blockaded by 30 Carthaginian ships), sneaking in by night. Agathocles adds 17 ships of his own, and they outnumber the Carthaginians, capturing 5 ships, and expelling the rest. | 308/7 Agθ 167-8, CAH 7.2 307 DGRG 1-861 |
| c.307 | General LEPTINES sent by Agathocles to take Acragas, defeats Xenodicus in the field, but then receives orders to go with his army to Africa. XENODICUS, democratic ruler of Acgagas from 308, is blamed for the defeat, and flees to Gela. | 307 Agθ 169-70, rcSI |
| c.307 | AGATHOCLES plays a relaxed drunkard to see who his enemies are, then invites 500 of them to a party in Syracuse and liquidates them, then leaves Leptines in charge of Syracuse, and returns to Africa, where he is unsuccessful. | 307 Agθ 171-2, DGRBM 2-771, OCD 25, MWΦ 199, CDCC 22 |
| c.307 | AGATHOCLES of Syracuse flees again from Africa to Sicily with a small band of followers, finds oligarch Deinocrates in charge of most of Greek Sicily, holds up in Segesta, makes peace with oligarchs. Sicily is again divided with Carthaginians at the Halycus River. | 307 Agθ 188, B76 I-133, OCD 25, 208, late DGRBM 1-64, 306 MWΦ 199, lvS |
| c.306 | Agathocles / Carthage war from 311 ends. Halycus river is boundary between them. They are at peace until ?. | 307 Agθ 180-1 306 GHH, OHG, wikAg 306/5 CAH 7.1-407-8 |
| c.306 | AGATHOCLES evacuates towns he had occupied in Carthaginian area - primarily Heraclea Minoa, Selinus, Segesta, and Thermae. He receives in exchange 200,000 bushels of grain and 150 Greek silver talents worth of gold. | 306 CAH 7.1-404 |
| c.306 | AGATHOCLES gets enough supporters in Segesta to stage a coup. Drives the poor out of Segesta and slaughters them on the banks of the Scamander, rounds up anyone with money, and tortutes them until they give it up. | 306 Agθ 189 |
| c.306 | Rome / Carthage: Λ 3rd Treaty (the Philinus treaty) renews previous pacts. Romans to stay out of Sicily, Carthage to stay out of Italy. | 306 CAH 7.1-404, 7.2-532, MWΦ 129, atl4, bk |
| c.306 | AGATHOCLES learns of the murder of his sons by Syracusan troops in Africa, sends orders to his bro Antander at Syracuse, to kill all kinsfolk of the guilty soldiers. Antander does so. | 306 Agθ 190 |
| c.306 | PASIPHILUS, Agathocles' oldest general, and all men under him, defect to Deinocrates. Agathocles is so bummed that he sends envoys to Deinocrates to make peace. Agathocles offers to give up Syracuse to the oligarchs and lay down his own power, if only the towns Thermae and Cephalodium might be left to him. Deinocrates tells Agathocles to get out of Sicily altogether. | 306 Agθ 190-91, DGRBM 3-133 |
| c.305 | Agathocles with no more than 5,000 inf and 800 cav, faces Deinocrates with 25,000 inf and 3,000 cav at GORGIUM (site unknown). But many oligarchs had already pledged themselves to Agathocles. 2,000 of Deinocrates' men defect to Agathocles. The oligarchs, thinking the defection larger, give way to the Agathocleans, then panic and flee. At least 4,000 surrender to Agathocles and are massacred. | 305 Agθ 197-8, CAH 7.1, 7.2 |
| c.305 | DEINOCRATES is forgiven by Agathocles, and given command over part of his army. Together they set themselves to the final reduction of Sicily, accomplished in 2 years. | 305 Agθ 199, atl4 |
| c.305 | MESSANA taken by Agathocles, comes under Syracuse until 289. | 312 atl4 305 rcSI |
| c.305 | CATANA, under local tyrants from 352, back under Syracuse until 289. | 305 rcSI |
| c.305 | PASIPHILUS, holding Gela for the oligarchs is arrested and executed. GELA, under oligarchy from 345, back under Syracuse until 281. | 305 DGRBM 3-133, rcSI |
| 305/4 | AGATHOCLES, tyrant of Syracuse from 317, assumes title of king until 289. | 305 LEWH 90 305/4 CDCC 22, OCD 1030 304 Agθ 202, CAH 7.1-405, MCAW 178, OCD 25, lvG, wikAg |
| c.304 | AGATHOCLES massacres 10,000 inhabitants of Leontini. | 305 Agθ 200 304 atl4 |
| c.304 | AGATHOCLES attacks Lipara islands, plunders temples as well as people. When sailing away, a storm hits and sinks 11 treasure-laden ships. | 304 Agθ 203-4, CAH 7.1-405, atl4 |
| 303/2 | AGATHOCLES of Syracuse goes to south Italy until ?. | 303/2 CAH 7.1 |
West Mediterranean 300-201
V