| c. 500 | ANCIENT ARAMAIC phase of Old Aramaic Period from 1100 ends. | 500 wikAL |
| by 500 | Judah consists of a few Yahwists living in and around Jerusalem, often internally conflicting, and under Persian domination. | by 500 SHWC 32 |
| c.500 | Son of Jozadak, JOSHUA ends. Former High Priest 538-15, leader of Israel from 513. | 490 gw |
| c.500 | Book of Leviticus completed either near the end of the Judean monarchy or in the exilic and post-exilic period. Scholars agree that it had a long period of growth, and reached its present form in the Persian period (538-332) | wikBL |
| c.500 | GOLDEN RULE attested in Leviticus. "You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your kinsfolk. Love your neighbor as yourself." (See Thales 600, Egypt, China, Mahabharata, Isocrates 390) | Lev 19:18 |
| c.500 | NABATEANS enter Sinai and south Levant. | 500 ISBE 4-690 |
| c.490 | TYRE, under unknown rulers from 532, MATTAN-IV becomes king of Tyre (mainland under Persia 539-411) until 480. | 490 arg, rcLeb, wikKT |
| 481 /80 | Phoenician fleets attached to Xerxes' army are commanded by their respective kings: Tetramnestus of Sidon, Mattan-IV of Tyre, Marbalus of Arvad. | 481/0 CAH 6-322 |
| c.480 | MATTAN-IV ends. King of Tyre from 490. Successor unknown until 420. | 480 rcLeb, wikKT |
| c.480 | JEDIAH ben Joiarib, High Priest from 495, ends. JACHIN succeeds to 465. | 480 sjud |
| c.479 | ESHMUNAZAR-I becomes priest/king of Sidon until 470. | 479 CAH 6-323 |
| c.475 | SHECHEM, a village among ruins from 724, destroyed, abandoned until 330. | 475 IDB Sup-821, ISBE 4-462 |
| c.470 | ESHMUNAZAR-I ends. Priest/king of Sidon from 479. TABNIT succeeds until 465. | 475 or 70 CAH 6-323 |
| c.470 | JOIAKIM ben Joshua, High Priest from 515, governor of Judah from 515, ends. | Antiq 11:5:1, 5:5 Eliashib succeeds |
| Son ELIASHIB succeeds to 423. | 470 gw, wikHP 460 DHJ 334 |
|
| JEDIAH ben Joiarib succeeds until 480. | 495s sjud 470 gw, hifiI, wikHP |
| c.465 | TABNIT ends. Priest/king of Sidon from 470. ESHMUNAZAR-II succeeds until 450. | 539-30 elay 465 or 60 CAH 6-323 |
| c.465 | Prophet MALACHI chastises Jews for witholding tithes and offering blemished sacrifices. Says Yahweh promises to send Elijah back. | 470-60 Sdl 5-180 450 IDB 3-229 435-12 bivu CBCOT 68 |
| c.465 | JACHIN, High Priest from 480, ends. SERAIAH ben Hilkiah succeeds to 450. | 465 sjud |
| c.464 | NEHEMIAH, officer under Artaxerxes-I, comes to Jerusalem to help the Jews until 424. | 464 LEWH 46 |
| c. 464 | A minority say Nehemiah preceedes Ezra. i.e. that Ezra comes to Jerusalem in 398 - 7th year of Artaxerxes-II, whereas Nehemiah comes in 445, under Artaxerxes-I. On this hypothesis the order of the book of Ezra-Nehemiah, which places Ezra first, is due to the Chronicler, who gives precedence to a priest-scribe over a layman. Nehemiah's 1st mission in 445 is to rebuild the wall of Jerusalem. Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem in 443 and institutes reforms which he legitimizes by appealing to Deuteronomy. In 398 Ezra is given full powers by Artaxerxes-I, who had just lost control of Egypt, to unite the old established population in Samaria, and the returned exiles from Babylon. | CHJ 2-374 |
| c.463 | BISHLAM, MITHRIDATES, and TABEEL, Persian satraps of Samaria, ?, and ?, send letter to Artaxerxes-I. They say the Jews are rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem, and if they succeed, they will rebel. Artaxerxes agrees and tells them to stop the wall. | Ezr 4:1-17, 1Esd 2:16-26 |
| c.462 | Persian general MEGABYZOS appointed satrap of Syria until 448. | no date: B76 VI-753, wikMg |
| c.458 July | EZRA ben Seriah, scribe, and party of Jews come from Babylon to Jerusalem, with decree from Artaxerxes-I to refurbish temple and restore worship. Takes 3 days to organize. Day 4 he deposits money, etc. with priest Meremoth ben Uriah. Makes burnt offering. | Artax yr 7: Ezr 7:8, 1Esd 8:7, Antiq 11:5:2 459 hifiI 458 CBCOT 71, DHJ 348, GHH, HCC, ISBE 1-306, IDB 2-217, 241, MCAW 120, TToH, bivu, bk, htc 438 BI+N 110 |
| c.458 | Λ Priestly "P" version of Pentateuch brought by Ezra to Jerusalem. Added to the Jahwist, Elohist and Deuteronomic versions already there. | 444 ISBE 1-487 |
| c.454 | Athenian army remnant flees from Egypt to Sinai to Gebal (Greek Byblos) before it is rescued. | 454 MCAW 120 |
| c.450 | ESHMUNAZAR-II king of Sidon claims ports of Dor and Joppa. | 450 WPOT 278 |
| c.450 | ESHMUNAZAR-II king of Sidon solicits Tyre to join in rebellion against Persia, fails, solicits help from Egypt, which is offered. He then rebels against Persia, and is besieged until 448. Egyptian help is inadequate. | 450 MCAW 162 |
| c.450 |  ESHMUNAZAR-II ends. King of Sidon from 465. His sarcophagus shows Egyptian influence. BODASHTART succeeds until ?. |
photo Eric Chan 525-22 elay 451 CAH 6-323 |
| c.450 | Priestly Code the majority of Leviticus plus some of the laws in Numbers. Forms ⅓ of the commandments of the Torah. | 450 IDB 1-500 |
| c.450 | Book of Malachi deplores mixed marriages and laxity of cult duties and ethical standards. Predicts a messianic herald. | 500 Jud 11-815 500-450 B76 2-922 450 BNTH 69, IDB 3-229 433 CBCOT 72 420 ISBE 3-227 400 bk |
| c.450 | SERAIAH ben Hilkiah, High Priest from 465, ends. ELIASHIB-I succeeds to 430. | 470 gw 458 GHH 450 sjud |
| c.450 | SOLAR CALENDAR V, used in Judea from 516, replaced by a revised LUNAR CALENDAR. | 450 IDB 4-924 |
| c.450 | LACHISH, deserted from 588, rebuilt for use as a Persian residence. | 450 IDB 3-54, Jud 10-1334 |
| c.450 | SIDON, under Persia 539-332, besieged by Persians 450, falls and is severely punished. | 450 MCAW 162 |
| c.448 | MEGABYZOS Persian satrap of Syria from 462, rebels, declares independence. | 450 OHG 448 SOTS 247 no date: B76 VI-753, Jud 3-646 |
| c.446 | Walls of Jerusalem destroyed again. | Ezr 4:23, Neh 1:3 446 HCC |
| c.446 | HANANI, bro of Nehemiah is part of an embassy to Susa to tell Artaxerxes-I about terrible conditions at Judah. | 446 Sdl 5-189 |
| c.445 | NEHEMIAH begins as Persian satrap of Jerusalem until 433. He and the 3rd group of returnees come from Babylon to Jerusalem, take 3 days to organize, tell no one of their intent to rebuild the wall. | Neh 1:1-28, 6:15 446 hifiI 445 B76 7-128, CBCOT 72, DHJ 351, HCC, IDB 1-241, ISBE 3-513, LEWH 46, MCAW 124, Sdl 5-203, bihi, bk, htc, trubi 445/4 CAH 6-277 444 CBCOT 71, GHH, IDB 3-534, SOTS 268, WBH 21, bihi, bivu 419 lgbt |
| c.445 | ADEUS, satrap of Syria, Phoenicia, Samaria, receives letters from Artaxerxes-I instructing him to help Nehemiah. | 440 Antiq 11:5:7 |
| c.444 | Tobiah satrap of Ammon, incites Ammonites to hinder efforts to rebuild Jerusalem. | 446-4 hifiAm |
| c.444 | At Feast of Tabernacles Ezra & Nehemiah read the Law of Moses (refers to Pentateuch rather than Priestly Code) to the Jews. The Hebrew language has to be translated, because the people now speak Λ ARAMAIC V. (See 700, Mesopotamia 500) | Neh 8 445 BBP 44, E2LM 14 444 IDB 1-504 443 htc |
| c.444 | NEHEMIAH begins rebuilding wall of Jerusalem amid much opposition. | Neh 3 444 WBH 21, biti, hifiI 439 LEWH 46 429 GHH |
| c.444 | Sanballat, satrap of Samaria, opposes Neheniah. | 445 Jud 14-823, 444 GHH |
| c.440 | SOPHERIM, a body of priests directing religious life, established. | 443 htc 440 pphj5 |
| c.437 | WALL of Jerusalem finished in 28th year of Artaxerxes-I. | Antiq 11:5:7 |
| c.433 | NEHEMIAH recalled. Persian satrap of Jerusalem from 445, recalled to Susa. High priest ELIASHIB-I replaces him until 430. | Neh 5:14, 13:6 433 B76 7-128, DHJ 336, MCAW 128, hifiI, bk, indy, trubi 433/2 Sdl 5-193 432 GHH, SOTS 268 423 HCC 407 lgbt |
| c.433 | High priest ELIASHIB-I, ruling Judah 433-30, makes liberal reforms: builds a chamber in the temple court for Tobiah the Ammonite, neglects the Levites, permits intermarriage, work on Sabbath. | Neh 13:4 |
| c.432 | Sanballat, satrap of Samaria, builds a Jewish temple on Mt. Gerizim southwest of Shechem. It stands until 128. SAMARITAN SCHISM can be said to begin here or c.350. Samaritans retain only the Pentateuch as authoritative. |
444 WBH 21 432 IDB 1-504, 506, ISBE 1-593 432 or 332 IDB 2-217 400 BBP 117 |
| The chronicler dates it 432. (Neh 13:28-9) Josephus dates it 332. (Antiquities 11:8:2,4) |
IDB 1-506 |
| c.430 | Sanballat, satrap of Samaria from ?, ends. SIN-UBALLIT-I succeeds to 407. | 430 sjud |
CONFUSION ALERT! At least 2, maybe 3 Sanballats governed Samaria 450-330. BI+N 115
| c.430 | ELIASHIB-I, high priest from 450, ends. Son JOIADA-I succeeds until 415. | Antiq 11:7:1 433 gw, hifiI, wikHP 430 sjud 423 bihi, bivu 413 GHH |
| c.428 | EZRA calls assembly of the people, says divorce foreign wives, and separate from the locals. The people agree. A commission for regulation of mixed marriages is established. It operates until May 427. | Ez 10:9 428 Dec 8 Sdl 5-197 |
| c.428 | NEHEMIAH returns. In Susa from 433, allowed by Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem as Governor until 415. Reverses Eliashib's liberal reforms. | Neh 13:7 432 IDB 3-534 430/29 Sdl 5-193 428 GHH 420? HCC 405 lgbt no date: SOTS 268 |
| c.428 | MANASSEH, polygamous grandson of Eliashib and son-in-law of Sanballat, expelled from Jerusalem by Nehemiah. Manasseh goes to Samaria. | Neh 13:28, Antiq 11:7:2-8:4 432 ISBE 1-593 |
CONFUSION ALERT! At least 2, maybe 3 Sanballats governed Samaria 450-330. BI+N 115
| c.420 | Mainland TYRE, under Persia 539-411, with unknown rulers from 480: ABDEMON (in Salamis Cyprus) becomes king until 411. | 420 adeT, arg, rcLeb, wikKT |
| c.415 | JOIADA ben Eliashib, high priest from 430, ends. Bro JOHANAN-I succeeds until 395. | Antiq 11:7:1 415 sjud 410 bivu, gw, hifiI, wikHP 408 bihi 404 bivu |
| c.415 | NEHEMIAH dies. Persian satrap of Jerusalem 2nd time from 428. BAGOAS-I succeeds until ?. | in reign of Artax.: Antiq 11:5:8 415 MCAW 139, bihi, bivu 413 hifiI 410 bihi |
| c.411 | ABDEMON ends. King of Tyre (in Salamis) from 420. TYRE: Island independent 630-332, mainland under Persia from 539, comes under Evagoras of Salamis Cyprus until 374. |
411 adeT, arg, rcLeb, wikKT |
| c.410 | JESUS, bro of Johanan, hp 420-00, friend of Bagoas, gets Bagoas to promise that Jesus would replace hp Johanan. Johanan kills bro Jesus in front of the temple. | Antiq 11:7:1 410 BNTH 56 400 DHJ 360 |
| c.410 | BAGOAS Persian satrap of Judah enters temple. Priests warn him not to enter the Holy of Holies. Bagoas says, "Am I less pure than the one who murdered his brother in the temple?". Bagoas punishes Jews 7 years with a 50 drachma tax on every sheep brought as a daily burnt offering. | Antiq 11:7:1 410 BNTH 56 400 DHJ 360 364 GHH |
| c.407 | BAAL SELIM-II becomes king of Sidon until 374. | 407 hifi 401 elay |
| c.407 | SIN-UBALLIT-I, satrap of Samaria from 430, ends. Son DALIAH succeeds to 380. | 407 sjud |
| c. 407 | Jews of Elephantine Island in Nile River write to BAGOAS Persian satrap of Judah requesting assistance rebuilding the temple at Elephantine, recently damaged by an anti-Jewish riot. "Our forefathers built this temple in the fortress of Elephantine back in the days of the kingdom of Egypt, and when Cambyses came to Egypt he found it built. They [Persians] knocked down all the temples of the gods of Egypt, but no one did any damage to this temple." |
408 CAH 6-285, Jud 4-94 407 ENBD 1139, IDB 4-210, IDB 4-210, WPOT 328, sjud, wikEP |
| c.407 | BAGOAS Persian satrap of Judah replies to Elephantine Jews in Λ Aramaic (See parchment 460). | 407 DBANE 88, wikEP |
| c.407 | Correspondence between Jewish community at Elephantine and Jerusalem ceases. | 410 hifiI |
| c.405 | A large statue of Apollo outside Gela is taken by Carthaginians and shipped to Tyre, where it remains until 332. | 406 DGRG 1-985 |
| by 400 | Pentateuch is separated from books of Joshua and Kings, becomes the TORAH (written law). Final edition canonized as Law of Moses. No further revisions permitted. An oral interpretation of Pentateuchal texts had become traditional. |
by 400 IDB 1-500, 504, 506, 3-724 |
| by 400 | "Torah" originally only the Sermon of Moses in Deuteronomy 621, now refers to the whole Pentateuch. The definition will be further expanded to all revellation, written and unwritten. | by 400 IDB 1-506 |
| c.400 | Midrash initiated. Comments on Torah texts and homiletic stories. The comments will evolve into a method of interpreting Torah texts to resolve problems in interpretation. The stories will fill in gaps left in the biblical narrative. | 400 htc |
| c.400 | Books of Chronicles written by a single author, based on books of Samuel & Kings, but with more flattery of David & Solomon. | 400 B76 2-882, IDB 1-580, Jud 4-823 350-00 B76 II-909 |
| by 400 | The Jews have other popular books which are not considered inspired: historical: Former Prophets, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, plus Latter Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, minor prophets. | 400 IDB 1-507 |
| c.400 | Book of Joel written by Joel. | 400 IDB 2-926, ISBE 2-1077 |
| c.400 | Book of Jonah written by an unidentified person. | 400 bk 4-300 IDB 2-967 |
| c.400 | Persian troops going to and from Egypt ravage Judah. | 400 DHJ 360 |
| c.397 | EZRA ben Seriah, scribe, comes from Babylon to Jerusalem in 7th year of Artaxerxes-II with decree from him to refurbish the temple and restore worship. | Ezra 7:8 458 or 397 ISBE 2-264 398 WBH 21 398/7 WPOT 330 397 CMoG3 102, 225, Jud 3-647 |
| c.397 | Priestly text of Jewish law (the P in JEDP) proclaimed by Ezra. | 397 CMoG3 102 |
| c.395 | JOHANAN-I ben Eliashib, high priest from 415, ends. Neph JONATHAN ben Joiada succeeds until 380. | Neh 12:11, Antiq 11:7:2 408 bivu 400 Jud 9-1246 395 sjud 371 gw, hifiI, wikHP |
| c.385 | TYRE taken by EVAGORAS of Cyprus, which causes much of Phoenicia and Cilicia to rebel against Persia. | 385 CAH 6-326 no date: wikEv |
| c.380 | DALIAH, satrap of Samaria from 407, ends. Bro SHULLUMAIAH succeeds to 370. | 380 sjud |
| c.380 | JOHANAN-I ben Eliashib, high priest from 395, ends. Neph ELIASHIB-II ben Johanan succeeds until 365. | 395 sjud 371 gw, wikHP |
| c.374 | TYRE: Island independent 630-332, mainland under Evagoras of Salamis Cyprus from 411, at death of Evagoras, mainland back under Persia until 332. | 374 adeT, rcLeb, wikKT |
| c.374 | BAAL SELIM-II ends. King of Sidon from 407. BODASTART (Abdastart, Straton) succeeds until 361. | 375 CAH 6-328 374 hifi 366 elay |
| c.370 | SHULLUMAIAH, satrap of Samaria from 380, ends. HANANIAH succeeds to 350. | 370 sjud |
| c.366 | Phoenician cities join SATRAP'S REVOLT against Artaxerxes-II. | 366 Φnc |
| c.365 | ELIASHIB-II ben Johanan, high priest from 380, ends. Son JOIADA-II succeeds until 350. | 365 sjud |
| c.362 | BODASTART (Abdastart, Straton), king of Sidon 374-61, helps Satraps Revolt against Artaxerxes-II. | 362 CAH 6-328, ISBE 3-860 |
| c.361 | AGESILAOS-II, Eurypontid king of Sparta 399-60. Leads mercenaries to Phoenicia. | 361 OCD 27, lvG |
| c.361 | TEOS, 2nd pharaoh of 30th dyn 362-60, leaves bro Tjahapimu in charge of Egypt, enters Phoenicia to help them rebel against Persians. Teos is aided by Greek mercenaries Chabrias of Athens and Agesilaos king of Sparta. Teos demands supreme command, thus offending Agesilaos. | 363 GHH 361 MCAW 154, OCD 27 360 Shaw 381, lvTeos |
| c.361 | BODASTART (Abdastart, Straton), philhellenic king of Sidon welcomes TEOS. | 363 hifi 362 MWΦ 25 360 livTeos |
| c.361 | BODASTART dies. Philhellenic king of Sidon from 374, stabbed to death by his wife. His sarcophagus shows increased Greek influence in Phoenicia. TENNES succeeds until 350. | 363 hifi 362 MCAW 157 361 CAH 6-328 354 CHJ 2-35 352 elay |
| c.360 | AGESILAOS, miffed at Teos, supports a revolt against him. | 360 MCAW 158 |
| c.360 | TEOS, 2nd pharaoh of 30th dyn from 362, dethroned by military revolt in Phoenicia, flees to Persia. NEKTANEBO-II, now in Phoenicia, succeeds to 343. Chabrias returns to Athens. | 361 GEoP, GHH, pic 360 lvG, livTeos |
| c.360 | NEKTANEBO-II, 3rd pharaoh of 30th dyn 360-43, hires AGESILAOS and his Spartan mercenaries for 230 talents. | 360 MCAW 158, lvG |
| c.351 | ARTAXERXES-III OCHUS king of Medo-Persia 359-38 sends army thru Palestine to recover Egypt 2nd time. | 352 CAH 6, Jud 3-647 351 B76 9-836, Grim 379, OCD 126 351/0 CAH 6-329 |
| c.351 | HOLOPHERNES, son of Ariaramnes-I of Cappadocia accompanies Artaxerxes-III thru Palestine. Possibly this accounts for the name Holofernes in the 2nd century Book of Judith. | 350 DGRBM 3-21 |
| c.350 | TENNES king of Sidon leads rebellion against Artaxerxes-III. Phoenicia, Palestine, and parts of Cilicia join him. | 358 hifi 351 DGRBM 3-994/5, GHH, IDB 4-344, ISBE 4-502, MCAW 160 350 Jud 3-647, LEWH 48 350 or 345 wikΦ 346 B76 17-947, MWΦ 26 345 B76 9-836, CAH 6, Φnc 346 Grim 380 |
| c.350 | Persian troops from Cilicia and Syria sent by Artaxerxes-III against Sidon. | 346 Grim 380 |
| c.350 | Mentor of Rhodes leads 4,000 Greek mercenaries to help Sidon rebel against Artaxerxes-III. | 351 GHH |
| c.350 | TENNES dies. King of Sidon from 361, rebelling against Persians 350, conquered, executed. SIDON burnt by its own citizens, remains under Persians 539-332. | 351 DGRBM 3-994/5, GHH, IDB 3-803, 4-723, Φnc 350 Jud 3-647 350 or 45 wikΦ 347 elay 346 CHJ 2-35 345 B76 9-836, MWΦ 26 344 CAH 6 |
| c.350 | Mentor of Rhodes and his mercenary army join Artaxerxes-III. | 351 GHH |
| c.350 | HANANIAH, satrap of Samaria from 370, ends. JEROBOAM succeeds to 345. | 350 sjud |
| c.350 | SAMARITANS, having a temple at the foot of Mt. Gerizim from 432, split off from Jews. SAMARITAN SCHISM can be said to begin here or 432. Samaritans retain only the Pentateuch as authoritative. | Antiq 11:8:2 408 GHH 4th cen: B76 VIII-829 |
| c.350 | JERICHO, which had participated in the Phoenician uprising, is destroyed by Persians. Inhabitants are deported to Hyrcania. | 350 DHJ 360 |
| c.350 | JOIADA-II ben Eliashib, high priest from 365, ends. Son JOHANAN-II succeeds until 333. | 373 GHH 350 sjud |
| c.350 | Pentateuch translated into Greek. | 400-300 IDB 4-273 |
| c.350 | Book of Ruth written. | 450-250 IDB 4-132 400 bk |
| c.350 | Prophet MALACHI prophesies. | 436 htc 420 ISBE 3-227 350 WBH 21 |
| c.346 | TENNES, king of Sidon, rebels against Artaxerxes-III until 345. | 350 Jud 13-478 346 ISBE 3-860 |
| c.345 | JEROBOAM, satrap of Samaria from 350, ends. ???? succeeds to 335. | 345 sjud |
| c.345 | Rebellions in Phoenicia and Palestine against Persians, quelled by Artaxerxes-III. | 350 Jud 3-647 345 B76 I-549, 9-836, MWΦ 26 |
| c.345 | SIDON, under Persians 530-332 rebelling from 346, betrayed by Mentor of Rhodes, taken by Artaxerxes-III. 40,000 Sidonians killed. | 345 B76 I-549, BI+N 116 |
| c.345 | Prisoners from Sidon transported to Babylonia is recorded by a cuneiform tablet. | 345 E2LM 12 |
| c.345 | JERICHO, destroyed 350, is resettled by Jewish Babylonian exiles. | Neh 7:36 345 Jud 9-1368 |
| c.344 | ARTAXERXES-III OCHUS king of Medo-Persia 359-38 gathers Greek mercenaries, personally leads his 2nd invasion of Egypt. | 344 B76 9-836, Jud 3-647 |
| c.344 | Belesys, governor of Syria participates in a Persian attempt to take Sidon in 344. | 344 CAH 6-240 |
| c.342 | STRATON-II becomes king of Sidon until 333. | 342 Jud 14-1507 |
| c.340 | AXEMILKOS becomes king of Tyre until 332. | 340 rcLeb, wikKT |
| c.335 | Unknown, satrap of Samaria from 345, ends. SIN-UBALLIT-II succeeds to 332. | 335 sjud |
| c.335 | BAGOAS-II Persian satrap of Judah from ?, dies. | 335 sjud |
| c.334 | 400 Phoenician warships are mobilized by Persians in the Levant for action in the Aegean. | 334 CAH 6-797 |
| c.333 | JOHANAN-II ben Joiada, high priest from 350, ends. Son JADDUA succeeds until 320. | 371 hifiI 350 CBCNT 70 341 GHH 333 sjud |
| c.333 | Possibly in effort to keep his treasure safe and accessible, DARIUS-III puts it and his women under the care of Cophen, son of satrap Artabazus and sends it from Babylonia to Damacsus. | 333 DGRBM 1-850 |
| c.333 | ALEX-III decides not to attack DARIUS-III at Babylon, but to first break his sea power and cut him off from Egypt. Proceeds south into Phoenicia. | 333 B76 8-374 |
| c.333 | DARIUS-III, at Thapsacos on the Euphrates, sends his baggage train goes south to Damascus. | mid 333 CAH 6-805 |
| 333 Nov 5 | ISSUS at border between Cilicia and Syria |
| c.333 | Right after Issus, PARMENIO is sent ahead to secure Damascus, where Darius's war chest is. | 333 B76 1-469, lvLx |
| c.333 | After Issus, 8,000 Greek mercenaries who had fought for Darius sail from Tripolis to Cyprus. They divide, some attack Egypt, others join Spartan operations in Crete. | 333 CAH 6-808 |
| c.333 | DAMASCUS, under Medo-Persia from 529, taken without fight by PARMENIO, under Macedonia until 323. Among the captive women are Darius' mother Sisygambis, his wife Statira, his 6 year old son Ochus, and daus Barsine (or Statira) and Drypetis. Barsine dau of Artabazos is also there. Parmenio needs 7,000 pack animals to take Darius's treasure to Alex. | 333 B76 5-447, GHH, lvLx,
lnpl
333/2 B76 17-947 332 hmLx, infp, rcS |
| c.333 | Message arrives from DARIUS-III offering a huge ransom for his mother, wife and children. Alex refuses. | 333 B76 1-469, LEWH 79, RAH 331 332 B76 1-470 |
| c.333 | ALEX-III proceeds from Syria along the Orontes to Emesa, turns west, reaches Arvad, northernmost city of Phoenicia, which surrenders. | 333 lvLx |
| c.333 | Phoenician cities ARVAD, GEBAL, and SIDON, under Medo-Persia from 539 submit to ALEX-III. Under Macedonia until: Arvad 259. | 333 B76 1-469, MWΦ 26 |
| c.333 | STRATO king of ARVAD, under Medo-Persia from 539, submits to ALEX-III, gives him a gold crown. Arvad under Macedonia until 323. | 333 B76 1-469, DGRBM 3-923, MWΦ 26, lvLx 332 wikAr |
| c.333 | STRATON-II king of Sidon from 342, ends. | 333 Jud 14-1507 |
| c.333 | GEBAL (Greek Byblos), Phoenician city under Medo-Persia from 539, submits to ALEX-III. Under Macedonia until 323. | 333 B76 1-469, CAH 6-808, MWΦ 26, lvLx 332 rcLeb |
| c.333 | BEYRYT Lebanon, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 333 lvLx 332 rcLeb |
| c.333 | All PHOENICIA except Island Tyre submits to ALEX-III. | 333 LEWH 79, hifi 332 LEWH 48, bk, hmLx |
| 333/2 | Mainland TYRE besieged by ALEX-III. Coenus and Admetus command the first assault. | 333 IDB 4-722 332 Feb CAH 6-808, Jan CHJ 2-36, Jud 15-1488, lvG, lvLx |
| 333/2 | At siege of Tyre, Alex-III receives a letter from Darius at Babylon offering him everything west of Euphrates. Parmenio says, "I would accept, were I Alexander.". Alex replies, "I too, were I Parmenio.". | 333 B76 1-469, LEWH 79, RAH 331 332 B76 1-470, hmLx |
| c.332 | PNYTAGORAS king of Salamis, and other princes of Cyprus visit Alex-III to offer submission. They help Alex-III besiege Tyre. | 332 DGRBM 3-432 |
| c.332 | Mainland TYRE, under Medo-Persia from 374, comes under Macedonia until 314. Island TYRE, besieged by ALEX-III until summer. He uses catapults throwing stones instead of darts - a first. 8,000 Tyrians killed, 30,000 enslaved. | 333 B76 1-469, CDCC 821, ENBD 1303, ISBE 3-860, MWΦ 26 332 CAH 6, DGRBM 1-120, Dur 2-458, GHH, LEWH 48, 79, OCD 1102, OHG, TToH, TTT, wikLx, wikKT |
| 332 mid | 80 Phoenician ships return from the Aegean to Tyre. Rather than help Tyre, they join the siege along with 120 other ships from Cyprus under Andromachos. | 332 mid CAH 6-809, DGRBM 1-172 |
| 332 mid | Island TYRE, independent from 573, under king AZEMILKOS from 340, besieged by ALEX-III from January, falls. 8,000 killed in battle, 2,000 more crucified along the coast, 30,000 enslaved including women and kids. King, leading citizens, and Carthaginian embassy pardoned. Island under Macedonia until 314. | 332 B76 1-470, mid BI+N 121, CAH 6-331, 809, CHJ 2-36, Dur 2-458, ISBE 4-932, Jud 13-478, LEWH 48, 79, MCAW 169, MWΦ 126, RAH 331, adeT, rcLeb, wikΦ, wikKT, wikLx |
| c.332 | After Tyre Alex-III sacrifices to Melqart / Heracles and celebrates with a grand procession and athletic festival. | 332 CAH 6-809 |
| c.332 | After Tyre, Carthaginian ambassador Hamilcar Rhodanus is sent to Alex-III to patch up relations. | 332 DGRBM 2-326 |
| c.332 | ATHAR (later Tripolis), under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 332 rcLeb |
| c.332 | HALAP (Aleppo), under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 332 rcS |
| c.332 | ABILA, capital of Abilene, northwest of Damascus, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 332 rcS |
| c.332 | HAMATH, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedon until 323. | 332 rcS |
| c.332 | SIDON, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 333/2 CAH 6-808 332 ISBE 4-502, rcLeb |
| c.332 | ACCO, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 332 Jud 2-222, rcHL |
| c.332 | ABD-OLUNIM becomes king of Tyre until ?, under Macedonia until ?. | 332 wikKT |
| c.332 | DOR, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 332 rcHL |
| c.332 | SAMARIA, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 332 rcHL |
| c.332 | BETH-SHAN in north Jordan valley, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 332 rcCan |
| c.332 | JOPPA, independent from 360s, taken by Alex-III, comes under Macedonia until 301. | 332 ISBE 2-1119, rcHL |
| c.332 | GALILEE, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 305. | 332 rcHL |
| c.332 | GERASA, city in northeast Jordan, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 305. | 332 rcJdn |
| c.332 | ASHDOD and ASHKELON under Persia from 539, come under Macedonia until 323. | 332 B76 I-580, rcHL |
| c.332 | GAZARA (Gezer) on plain of Sharon, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 321. | 332 rcCan |
| c.332 | All PALESTINE (except Gaza which resists 2 months) including Judah, under Persia from 539, taken by ALEX-III, under Macedonia until 323. | 332 B76 1-470, CHJ 2-614, LEWH 46, 48, WBH 21, bk 331 BI+N 116 |
| c.332 | HEPHAESTION commands fleet off coast of Phoenicia, at a time and place of little risk. | 332 DGRBM 2-382 |
| c.332 | GAZA, under Persia from 539, nominally from 525, besieged by ALEX-III 2 months, stormed and taken, under Macedonia until 323. Men killed, women and children enslaved. | 332 B76 1-470, BAA 190, CAH 6-809, DHJ 456, DGRBM, GHH, IDB 2-357, LEWH 46, 48, OHG, hmLx, lvLx, rcHL |
| c.332 | SIN-UBALLIT-II, satrap of Samaria from 335, dies. JEHOANAH succeeds under Macedonia until 331. | end of siege of Gaza: Antiq 11:8:4 332 sjud |
| c.332 | Alex-III king of Macedon 336-23 from Gaza enters Judea. | Antiq 11:8:4 332 GHH |
| c.332 | JERUSALEM, under Persia from 539, surrenders to Alex-III, comes under Macedonia until 320. | 332 Jud 9-1389, wikLx |
| c.332 | According to Josephus, the Book of Daniel exists, and is shown to Alex-III. | Antiq 11:8:5 |
| c.332 | Babylonian Λ Calendar , used in Judea from 587, replaced by Macedonian until 200. | 332 B76 3-600 |
| c.332 | ALEX-III returns from Judea to Gaza, then proceeds to Egypt, remains until 331. Parmenio remains in Levant. | 332 B76 1-470, 8-374, DGRBM, GHH, OHG, RAH 332, wikLx |
| c.332 | AMMON, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 305. | 332 hifiAm, rcJdn |
| c.332 | BASHAN, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 332 rcS |
| c.332 | MOAB, under Persia from 539, comes under Macedonia until 323. | 332 rcJdn |
| c.332 | Phalanx commander Amyntas, son of Andromenes, is sent with 10 triremes from Gaza to Macedon to recruit troop replacements. | 332 late CAH 6-809, DGRBM 2-283 |
| c.331 | ANDROMACHOS, Macedonian governor of Palestine at Samaria, burnt alive by Samaritan insurgents. | 331 early CAH 6-861, CHJ 2-40, GHH, bk |
| c.331 | ALEX-III, in Egypt from 332, returns to Levant, easily suppresses revolt in Samaria. The people hand over the leaders, who are executed. Alex stays a while in Tyre, receives embassy from Athens requesting release of Athenian mercenaries serving Persians captured at Issus. Grants request. | 331 B76 8-374-5, DGRBM, GHH, LEWH 79, lvLx, wikCyp |
| c.331 | NICOCREON, king of Salamis Cyprus, goes to Tyre as required by Alex-III to pay homage. | 331 DGRBM 2-1191 |
| c.331 | PASICRATES, prince of Soli Cyprus, goes to Tyre as required by Alex-III to pay homage. | 331 DGRBM 3-131 |
| c.331 | MENON is transferred from the north to be Macedonian governor of Palestine at Samaria until ?. | 331 CAH 6-861, CHJ 2-41 |
| c.331 | HARPALUS, former treasurer of Alex-III, who had deserted to Greece when Alex was sick in Cilicia, is reinstated. | spring 331 CAH 6-805 |
| c.331 | CLEANDER, gathering mercenaries in Peloponnese and Macedonia from 334, arrives with them at Tyre. | 331 DGRBM 1-778, hmLx |
| c.331 | ALEX-III receives another offer from Darius-III: all lands west of the Euphrates, plus 30,000 talents for his family. | mid 331 CAH 6-811 |
| c.331 | ALEX-III leaves Tyre for Syria. | 331 mid CAH 6-812, CHJ 2-42, hmLx, lvG, wikLx |
| c.331 | JEHOANAH, Jewish governor of Samaria from 332, ends. | 331 sjud |
| c.331 | SAMARIA settled with Macedonians. | 331 DHJ 458 |
| c.331 | SOPHERIM, a body of priests directing religious life from 440, disbanded by Macedonians. | 331 pphj5 |
| c.331 | PHILOXENOS appointed by Alex-III to collect tribute in provinces north of Taurus Mountains, but does not immediately assume this command. | 331 DGRBM 3-331 |
| c.331 late | MENES of Pella, is transferred from Susa with 3,000 talents by Alex-III, and appointed satrap of Cilicia, Syria, and Phoenicia until 323. It is possible that Menes replaces the former satraps. | Dec. 331 CAH 6-332, 681, DGRBM 2-1040 |
| c.330 | SHECHEM, abandoned from 475, rebuilt, fortified as a Hellenic city, made capital of Samaria until 107. | 331 ISBE 4-462 330 CHJ 2-42, IDB Sup 821 325 IDB 4-315 |
| c.330 | JUDAH becomes JUDEA until 135CE. | guess |
| c.329 | Persian BESSOS becomes Macedonian satrap of Damascus until 325. | 323 CHJ 2-43 |
| c.323 | Syria and Palestine, under Macedonians from 332, under Menes of Pella from 331, given to LAOMEDON of Mytilene: Syria until 319, Palestine until 320. | 323 B76 17-947, Dur 2-555, GHH, wikΦ |
| c.323 | HALAP (Aleppo), under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcS |
| c.323 | BEYRYT Lebanon, under Macedonia from 333, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcLeb |
| c.323 | ATHAR (later Tripolis), under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcLeb |
| c.323 | GEBAL (Greek Byblos), under Macedonia from 333, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcLeb |
| c.323 | DAMASCUS, under Macedonia from 333, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcS |
| c.323 | ABILA, capital of Abilene, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcS |
| c.323 | SIDON, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcLeb |
| c.323 | DOR, under Macedonia from 332, independent republic until 138. | 323 rcHL |
| c.323 | ACCO, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcHL |
| c.323 | BASHAN, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcS |
| c.323 | HAMATH, under Macedon from 332, comes under Antigonus-I until 301. | 323 rcS |
| c.323 | SAMARIA, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcHL |
| c.323 | BETH-SHAN in north Jordan valley, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcCan |
| c.323 | ASHDOD and ASHKELON under Macedonia from 332, come under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcHL |
| c.323 | GAZA, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 323 rcHL 315/4 ISBE 2-417 |
| c.323 | MOAB, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Nabateans until 106. | 323 rcJdn |
| c.322 | PTOLEMY-I satrap of Egypt 323-05 goes to Damascus, intercepts body of Alex-III enroute to Macedonia, convinces the leader of the convoy that Alex had wanted to be buried in the temple of Zeus Ammon, diverts the corpse to Memphis. | 322 MCAW 172, hwD, Dec lvLx 321 atl4 no date: B76 8-376, wikLx |
| c.321 | SAMARIA rebuilt by Perdiccas. | 321 atl4 |
| c.321 | PERDICCAS, with large army, marches toward Egypt. They are accompanied by king Philip Arrhidaeus and wife Euridice, and Roxana with infant Alex-IV. | 321 DGRBM 3-187, 664 |
| c.321 | PERDICCAS, with large army, continues unopposed as far as Pelusium. | 321 DGRBM 3-187 |
| c.321 | ATTALUS, son of Andromenes, bro-in-law of Perdiccas, escapes from Egypt with fleet to Tyre, where 800 talents of Perdiccas had been deposited. These are surrendered to him by Archelaus, governor of Tyre. Attalus hires 10,000 infantry and 800 cavalry. He remains at Tyre, to collect friends of Perdiccas who had escaped from the army. | 321 DGRBM 1-409, atl4, wikAtls |
| c.321 | GAZARA (Gezer) on plain of Sharon, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 321 rcCan |
| c.321 | ATTALUS, bro-in-law and fleet commander of Perdiccas, sails from Tyre to Rhodes. | 321 DGRBM 1-409, atl4 |
| c.321 | Edomites take southern Judea. | 321 Sdl 5-182 |
| c.321 | Edom is now called Idumea. | 321 Sdl 5-182 |
| c.320 | PTOLEMY-I satrap of Egypt 323-05, invades Judea, takes Jerusalem, deports many Jews to Alexandria. | Antiq 12:1:1 320 B76 17-974, BI+N 124, Dur 2-555, GHH, IDB 2-856, 3-964, Jud 13-1347 319 atl4 |
| c.320 | JERUSALEM, under Macedonians from 332, taken on a Sabbath by PTOLEMY-I until 315. | Antiq 12:1:1 321 WBH 21 320 B76 17-974, CHJ 2-642, Dur 2-555, GHH, IDB 2-856, 3-964, jomm 319 atl4 |
| c.320 | Book of JOB , begun before c.600, redacted to final form. | 399-300 ISBE 2-1065 350-00 Sdl 5-213 |
| c.320 | PHOENICIA and/or Coele-Syria, and PALESTINE, under Laomedon from 323, taken by PTOLEMY-I until 314. | 320 HDB 3-857, ISBE 3-1048, Shaw 393 |
| c.320 | JUDEA, under Laomedon from 323, taken by PTOLEMY-I until 315, who deports 100,000 Jews and Samaritans to Egypt. | Antiq 12:1:1 320 B76 17-974, DGRBM 3-582, GHH, IDB 3-964, MCAW 174, wikΦ |
| c.320 | Son of Johanan, JADDUA dies. High priest from 333. Son ONIAS-I succeeds until 300. | Antiq 11:8:7 321 GHH, atl4 320 CBCNT 70, CHJ 2, IDB 3-603, ISBE 2-1021, 3-605, gw, hifiI, wikHP 310 sjud |
| c.320 | JOPPA occupied and garrisoned by Ptolemy-I. | 320 ISBE 2-1119 |
| 319 | PTOLEMY-I satrap of Egypt 323-05 hearing of death of Antipater, invades Phoenicia & Syria, occupies whole Phoenician coast. 2nd War of the Diadochi begins until 316 in west and until 315 in east. Polyperchon, lawful regent of (Philip Arridaeus and Alexander IV), vs. Cassander (son of Polyperchon's predecessor Antipater), Ptolemy of Egypt, and Antigonus Monophthalmus, supreme commander of Macedonian forces in Anatolia. |
320 ISBE 2-1119 319 B76 8-377, CAH 7.1-49, lvD, wikWD |
| c.319 | South SYRIA, under Macedonia from 333, under Laomedon from 323, siezed and annexed by Ptolemy-I, under Ptolemies until ?. | 319 MCAW 174, atl4 |
| c.319 | DAMASCUS, under Macedonia from 333, under Laomedon from 323, comes under Ptolemy-I until 315. | guess |
| c.318 | Eumenes chased by Antigonus from Anatolia to Phoenicia until 317, expells Ptolemy's forces and starts to build a navy for Polyperchon. | 318 BHS 1-43, CHJ 2-46, anan, hwD, lvD, wikEum |
| c.318 | EUMENES gathers a large mercenary force, despite opposition of Ptolemy-I and Antigonus. Tries to get control of Phoenicia and Palestine. | 318 atl4 |
| c.317 | DEMETRIUS, son of Antigonus-I, fights EUMENES until 316. | 317 OCD 325 |
| c.317 | PTOLEMY-I attacks along Palestinian and Syrian coast until 316, which he occupies because all other commanders were looking elsewhere. | 317 lvPt1 |
| c.317 | Eumenes of Cardia, in Phoenicia from 318, goes east to join satraps in Persia. | 317 hwD |
| c.317 | Apocryphal Letter of Jeremy written probably in Hebrew, but extant copies are in Greek. A jumbled rant denouncing idolatry of Babylon. | 317 CBCNT 58 317 or 306 AΨA 596 |
| c.315 | Phoenician shipyards, on orders from, Demetrius-I, build warships with 6 and even 7 decks of rowers. | 315 TTT |
| c.315 | ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus, now ruling everything from Anatolia to Persia, invades Phoenicia, takes all Palestine except Tyre, occupies down to Gaza. | 315 B76 8-377, BHS 1-52, CHJ 2, DGRBM 3-582, ISBE 3-1048, hwD 314 GHH, wikAntg, wikΦ |
| c.315 | JERUSALEM and JUDEA, under PTOLEMY-I from 320, taken by ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus until 312. | 315 GHH |
| c.315 | TYRE, occupied by Ptolemaic troops, besieged for over a year by Antigonus-I. | 315 MCAW 174, lvD, wikTyr 314 lvPt1, wikAntg |
| c.315 | ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus at Tyre, condemns Cassander for murder of Olympias, and seizure of Alex-IV, proclaims himself guardian of Alex-IV, declares Greek cities free and orders garrisons out, summons Phoenician kings to Tyre, and begins building a fleet. | 315 B76 8-377, CAH 7.1, hwD, atl4 |
| c.315 | ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus returns from Phoenicia to Anatolia. | 315 B76 8-377 |
| c.314 | TYRE, under Macedonians from 332, defended by Ptolemaic troops, besieged by Antigonus-I from 315, taken, under Antigonus until 301. | 314 CAH 6-334, DGRBM 3-582, MCAW 174, atl4, lvD, wikTyr 313 lvPt1 |
| c.314 | PHOENICIA, PALESTINE, under Ptolemy-I Soter from 320, comes under Antigonus-I until 312. | 315 Shaw 393 314 GHH, HDB 3-857 |
| c.312 | PTOLEMY on advice of Seleucus, decides to attack Cilicia by land and sea, leads army to Gaza. | 312 DGRBM 1-960, 3-583, 771, mid lvD, wikPt1 |
| c.312 | Hieronymus of Cardia, the historian, sent by Antigonus-I to collect bitumen from Dead Sea to put pressure on Ptolemy-I. Thwarted by local Arabs whose trade it had been. | 312 DGRBM 2-458, TAG 244 |
From the Dead Sea came all the bitumen used in Egypt in embalming the dead. |
TAG 245 |
| c.312 | MARESHAH changes hands twice: Seleucid, Ptolemy, Seleucid. | 312 IDB 3-264 |
| 312 | DEMETRIUS, son of Antigonus-I Monophthalamus, with officers Pithon and Nearchus, intercept PTOLEMY-I and SELEUCUS at GAZA and are defeated by their 3,000 cavalry. | 313 BI+N 124 312 B76 1-990, 8-377, 15-181, 16-503, 17-947, BHS 1-52, CAH 7.1-49, CDCC 857, CHJ 2-46, DGRBM 3-583, GHH, IDB 1-815, 4-266, ISBE 2-417, LEWH 90, OCD 325, 725, Shaw 394, WBH 21, atl4, bk, hwD, lvD, lvG, lvPt1, wikAntg, wikWD |
| c.312 | Antigonid NEARCHUS of Crete probably killed at Gaza. | 312 OCD 725 |
| c.312 | PITHON, general under Antigonus, killed at Gaza. | 312 DGRBM 3-378, lvD |
CONFUSION ALERT! Sources confuse PITHON, son of Craterus d.314 and son of Agenor d.312.
| c.312 | After Gaza SELEUCUS at his own request, is sent with only 800 inf and 200 cav from Egypt to recover Babylonia. | 312 BHS 1-53, DGRBM 3-583, 771 |
312 is the first year of Seleucid chronology, which will be used by the Books of Maccabees and Josephus.
| c.312 | PALESTINE, under ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalamus from 314, taken by PTOLEMY-I, where it remains except for a brief recovery by Antigonus 312 until 305. | 312 B76 8-377, CHJ 2, IDB 3-964, atl4, hifiI |
| c.312 | JERUSALEM, under ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus from 315, easily taken on a Sabbath by PTOLEMY-I, comes under P-I until 305. | 312 E2LM 98 |
| c.312 | PTOLEMY-I proceeds to Syria, where Antigonus-I confronts him. Hecataeos of Abdera accompanes. | 312 E2LM 47, lvD, lvPt1 |
| c.312 | PTOLEMY-I satrap of Egypt 323-05, retreats from ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus. Destroys fortifications of ACCO enroute to Egypt. | 312 DGRBM 3-583, Jud 2-222 312/11 lvD 311 atl4 |
| c.312 | Cities destroyed by Ptolemy-I enroute to Egypt: GAZA, ACCO, JOPPA, SAMARIA. | 312 ISBE 2-1119 |
| c.312 | ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus, persuaded by Demetrius, tries to extract asphalt from Dead Sea. | 311 atl4 |
| c.312 | NABATEANS appear in history in the mountains of Edom. Athenaeus, general of Demetrius, son of Antigonus-I attacks PETRA, Nabatean capital. | 312 CDCC 603, 670, ISBE 3-467 |
| c.312 | Nabatean fortress of PETRA attacked by Athenaeus, general of Demetrius, son of Antigonus-I. Most of the men are absent, so Athenaeus sacks Petra. The men learn of it, ambush Athenaeus, and recover the loot. Seleucids again attack Nabateans unsuccessfully in 312. | 312 B76 VII-157, DGRBM 1-400, ISBE 3-467 |
| 312 | NABATEANS send letter to Antigonus-I Monophthalamus defending their action as self defence. | 312 ISBE 3-467 |
| 312/11 | ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus could pursue Ptolemy to Egypt, but turns east instead to consolidate Babylonia. | 312/11 lvD |
| c.311 | PTOLEMY-I takes captives from Judaea and Samaria to Egypt and settles them. | Antiq 12:1:1 312 1&2BM 67 311 atl4 |
| c.308 | AREOS-I, Agiad king of Sparta 309-265, writes letter to ONIAS-I, high priest 320-300 declaring friendship with Jews. | 1Mac 12:7-24 no date: ISBE 3-605 |
| Josephus incorrectly says this letter was to Onias-III. | Antiq 12:4:10 |
| c.306 | RAPHIA attacked by Antigonus-I. | 306 Jud 13-1509 |
| c.305 | ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus plans to conquer Egypt, starts down Levant with large army. | 306 wikWD 305 lvD |
| c.305 | JERUSALEM, under PTOLEMY-I from 312, and PALESTINE from 312, recovered by ANTIGONUS-I, JERUSALEM until 301, PALESTINE until 301. | 305 rcHL |
| c.305 | GERASA, city in northeast Jordan, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 305 rcJdn |
| c.305 | ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus prevented from invading Egypt by storms which impede his fleet. His army runs out of food, so he returns north. | 305 lvD |
| c.305 | AMMON, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 305 rcJdn |
| c.305 | GALILEE, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Antigonus until 301. | 305 rcHL |
| 302/1 | PTOLEMY-I Soter, king of Egypt 305-285, invades Palestine and south Syria as far as Eleutherus River (midway between Arvad & Byblos) to help Lysimachus and allies fight Antigonus. He receives a false report that Antigonus had won. Ptolemy returns to Egypt. | 302 IDB 3-964, TAG 10, atl4 301 lvD |
| c.301 | ANTIGONUS-I Monophthalmus killed at Ipsus in Phrygia. Ruler of Syria from 315. | 301 LEWH 90, OCD 69, 1030 |
| c. 301 c. 301 |
RESULT of IPSUS: Kingdom of Antigonus-I Monophthalamus is split up. Lysimachus in Thrace receives eastern Aegean, Ionia, Lydia, Phrygia, north and central Anatolia until 281. Demetrius delivers his wife's bro Pyrrhus of Epirus as a hostage to Egypt. Pleistarchis, bro of Cassander, gets Lycia and Cilicia until 299. Seleucus-I Nicator gets Syro-Palestine, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Persia as far as Sogdiana and Bactria. Cassander is king of Macedonia, and is declared king of Greece, but Demetrius Poliorcetes holds a fleet, Peloponnese, Aegean islands, Cyprus, Tyre, and some cities in Anatolia. Ptolemy gets Cyrenaica, Egypt, south Palestine, coastal Syria, and some parts of Lycia and Pisidia. North Cappadocia goes to Ariarathes. Bithynia and Pontus remain independent. |
301 B76 8-378, CAH 7.1-426, DGRBM 3-412, MCAW 183, OCD 69, 632, 1031, MRDK, RAH 378, anan, lvD, rcT 300 lvG |
| c.301 | HALAP (Aleppo), under Antigonus-I from 323, comes under Seleucids until 80. Renamed BEROEA. | 301 rcS |
| c.301 | PTOLEMY-I Soter, king of Egypt 305-285, invades Palestine 4th time. | 301 IDB 3-964, atl4 |
| c.301 | PALESTINE, under Antigonus-I from 305, comes under PTOLEMY-I Soter until ?. Under Ptolemies until 249. Tyre and Sidon resist under Demetrius Poliorcetes until 294. | 301 B76 8-378, CHJ 2, GHH, atl4, rcHL |
| c.301 | JERUSALEM, under Antigonus-I from 305, taken by PTOLEMY-I, under Ptolemies until ?. Over 30,000 Jews are taken to Egypt. | 302 CHJ 2-187 301 atl4 |
| c.301 | TYRE, under Antigonus-I from 314, comes under Demetrius-I Poliorcetes until 294, but locally governed by a native dynasty until 288/7. Under Seleucids until 198 | 301 rcLeb |
| c.301 | SIDON, under Antigonus-I from 323 comes under Demetrius-I Poliorcetes until 294. | 301 rcLeb |
| c.301 | DAMASCUS, under Antigonus-I from 323, comes under Ptolemies until ? V. | 301 rcS |
| c.301 | BASHAN, under Antigonus-I from 323, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 rcS |
| c.301 | ATHAR (later Tripolis), under Antigonus-I from 323, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 rcLeb |
| c.301 | ITUREA (Bekaa Valley) region in south Phoenicia, under Antigonus-I from 323, comes under Ptolemies until 198.. | 301 rcLeb |
| c.301 | ABILA, capital of Abilene, under Antigonus-I from 323, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 rcS |
| c.301 | GEBAL (Greek Byblos), under Antigonus-I from 323, comes under Egypt until 198. | 301 rcLeb |
| c.301 | ACCO, under Antigonus-I from 323, comes under Ptolemies until 219. Keeps same name until 261. | 301 rcHL no date: B76 I-177 |
| c.301 | JOPPA, under Macedonia from 332, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 IDB 2-970, TToH, rcHL |
| c.301 | SAMARIA, under Antigonus from 323, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 rcHL |
| c.301 | AMMON, under Antigonus from 305, comes under Seleucids until 200. | 323 hifiAm 301 rcJdn |
| c.301 | GALILEE, under Antigonus from 305, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 rcHL |
| c.301 | HAMATH, under Antigonus-I from 323, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 rcS |
| c.301 | GERASA, city in northeast Jordan, under Antigonus from 305, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 rcJdn |
| c.301 | BETH-SHAN (Shean) in north Jordan valley, under Antigonus from 323, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 rcCan |
| c.301 | BEYRYT Lebanon, under Antigonus from 323, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 rcLeb |
| c.301 | GAZARA (Gezer) on plain of Sharon, under Antigonus from 321, comes under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 rcCan |
| c.301 | ASHDOD, ASKALON, GAZA, and GATH under Antigonus from 323, come under Ptolemies: Ashdod until 198, Askalon until 198, Gaza until 198, Gath until 198. | 301 rcHL |
| c.301 | All PHOENICIA up to Eleutherus River (midway between Arvad & Byblos), under Seleucus since Ipsus 301, occupied by Ptolemy-I, under Ptolemies until 198. | 301 GHH, Shaw 393 |
| c.301 | South Syria is divided between SELEUCUS north of the Eleutherus River and PTOLEMY south of it. North is called SYRIA SELEUCIS. South (Phoenicia) is called COELE SYRIA. Syria Seleucis under Seleucids until 272. |
301 CAH 7.1-442, LEWH 90, OCD 69, 1030 |
Levant 300-201
V